Aims To evaluate the functional and molecular alterations of contractile and relaxant machinery in the bladder and urethra that lead to the underactive bladder (UAB) in old female mice. Methods Female young (3‐months) and old (18‐months) C57BL/6 mice were used. Urodynamic was assessed in awake and anaesthetized mice. Electrical‐field stimulation (EFS) and concentration‐response curves to contractile and relaxing agents in isolated bladders and urethras were performed. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of muscarinic, adrenergic, and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐4 (TRPV4), and of the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were determined. Bladder cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured. Results Cystometry in old mice showed incapacity to produce bladder emptying. On filter paper, old mice showed reduced urinary spots. Compared to the young group, bladder contractions induced by EFS and carbachol were lower in old mice. The β3‐adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron promoted higher bladder relaxation and elevation of cAMP levels in old mice. In old mice urethras, the α1a‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine produced higher contractions, but no differences were found for the NO donor sodium nitroprusside‐induced relaxations. In old mice, increased mRNA expressions of β3‐ and α1a‐adrenoceptors in bladder and urethra were found, respectively, whereas the muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors and β2‐adrenoceptors did not change between groups. Reduced mRNA expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase and nNOS were found in old mouse urethras. Additionally, TRPV4 expression was reduced in bladder urothelium from old mice. Conclusion Age‐associated mouse UAB is the result of autonomic dysfunction at multiple levels leading to the less sensitive and overrelaxed bladder, along with urethral hypercontractility.

Menthol may be a potential pharmacological option for the treatment of OAB as a consequence of T1DM and T2DM.

The improvement of micturition dysfunction by testosterone replacement suggests that androgen therapy might be of therapeutic benefit for urological complications associated with post-menopause.