BackgroundHeart failure (HF) is a severe public health problem because of its high morbidity and mortality and elevated costs, thus requiring better understanding of its course. In its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis, sympathetic hyperactivity plays a relevant role. Considering that sympathetic dysfunction is already present in the initial phases of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) and frequently associated with a worse prognosis, we assumed it could be more severe in CCC than in cardiomyopathies of other etiologies (non-CCC).ObjectivesTo assess the cardiac sympathetic dysfunction 123I-MIBG) of HF, comparing individuals with CCC to those with non-CCC, using heart transplant (HT) patients as denervated heart parameters.MethodsWe assessed 76 patients with functional class II-VI HF, being 25 CCC (17 men), 25 non-CCC (14 men) and 26 HT (20 men), by use of cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine 123I-MIBG) scintigraphy, estimating the early and late heart-to-mediastinum ratio (HMR) of 123I-MIBG uptake and cardiac washout (WO%). The 5% significance level was adopted in the statistical analysis.ResultsThe early and late HMR values were 1.73 ± 0.24 and 1.58 ± 0.27, respectively, in CCC, and 1.62 ± 0.21 and 1.44 ± 0.16 in non-CCC (p = NS), being, however, higher in HT patients (p < 0.001). The WO% values were 41.65 ± 21.4 (CCC), 47.37 ± 14.19% (non-CCC) and 43.29 ± 23.02 (HT), p = 0.057. The late HMR values showed a positive weak correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in CCC and non-CCC (r = 0.42 and p = 0.045; and r = 0.49 and p = 0.015, respectively).ConclusionSympathetic hyperactivity 123I-MIBG) was evidenced in patients with class II-IV HF, LVEF < 45%, independently of the HF etiology, as compared to HT patients.

O ensino médico, de modo geral, envolve a associação entre teoria e prática, o que é de particular importância no ensino da área de diagnóstico por imagem. A metodologia do ensino baseado em problemas, associada ao ensino a distância, permite alcançar um público amplo e estimular o raciocínio clínico, o espírito crítico e o autodidatismo, características essenciais ao profissional médico. Nesse âmbito, surgiu o projeto "Imagem da Semana", que consiste em uma página no site da Faculdade de Medicina aberta ao público, na qual semanalmente é publicado um novo caso clínico, associado a uma imagem e a uma pergunta objetiva. O visitante é encorajado a responder à pergunta corretamente para ter acesso à discussão do caso e aprender mais sobre o diagnóstico e os diagnósticos diferenciais da doença abordada. O projeto tem sido muito bem recebido pela comunidade acadêmica, servindo também para a educação continuada de médicos generalistas e especialistas, além de divulgar o conhecimento produzido na universidade. Acreditamos que a democratização do conhecimento é um passo importante rumo à melhoria do ensino médico.

Objectives This study was designed to investigate digestive and heart associations, using esophageal transit scintigraphy in three different groups: patients exclusively with the dilated cardiac form of Chagas disease (DCCh), an indeterminate form of Chagas disease, and healthy controls. As a hypothesis, we assumed that autonomic chagasic denervation is a global process. Materials and methods Twenty healthy controls and 75 outpatients with Chagas disease, divided into indeterminate form (n = 33) and (DCCh, n = 42), underwent esophageal scitigraphy. The esophageal transit time (ETT) and percentage of esophageal emptying (%EE) were analyzed by group and correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results ETT alterations were found in 57% of indeterminate form and 80% of DCCh. The observed values of ETT and %EE in Chagas disease groups were significantly different from the controls (P-value <0.001). The lowest median ETT was observed for the controls (median = 8.0), followed by indeterminate form (median = 16.5) and DCCh (median = 60.0). Regarding %EE, a higher median value was observed for the controls (median = 92.3), followed by indeterminate form (median = 86.7) and DCCh (median = 56.9). In the DCCh group, ETT and %EE were significantly correlated with LVEF values (r = 0.398; P = 0.015) and (r = 0.475; P = 0.003), respectively. Conclusion An association between left ventricular systolic dysfunction and functional esophageal alterations was observed which was interpreted as indirect evidence of concomitance of gastrointestinal and cardiac disorders. We also found that the greater the impairment of the esophagus’s autonomic function, the worse the cardiac dysfunction.