Subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) is a disease for which exact therapeutic approaches have not yet been established. Previous studies have suggested an association between SHT and coronary heart disease. Whether this association is related to SHTinduced changes in serum lipid levels or to endothelial dysfunction is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine endothelial function measured by the flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery and the carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in a group of women with SHT compared with euthyroid subjects. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoprotein A (apo A), apo B, and lipoprotein(a) were also determined. Twenty-one patients with SHT (mean age: 42.4 ± 10.8 years and mean thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels: 8.2 ± 2.7 μIU/mL) and 21 euthyroid controls matched for body mass index, age and atherosclerotic risk factors (mean age: 44.2 ± 8.5 years and mean TSH levels: 1.4 ± 0.6 μIU/mL) participated in the study. Lipid parameters (except HDL-C and apo A, which were lower) and IMT values were higher in the common carotid and carotid bifurcation of SHT patients with positive serum thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) (0.62 ± 0.2 and 0.62 ± 0.16 mm for the common carotid and carotid bifurcation, respectively) when compared with the negative TPO-Ab group (0.55 ± 0.24 and 0.58 ± 0.13 mm, for common carotid and carotid bifurcation, respectively). The difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that minimal thyroid dysfunction had no adverse effects on endothelial function in the population studied. Further investigation is warranted to assess whether subclinical hypothyroidism, with and without TPO-Ab-positive serology, has any effect on endothelial function.

Objective To investigate whether standardization of the multiplanar view (SMV) when evaluating the uterus using three-dimensional ultrasonography (3D-US) improves intra-and interobserver reliability and agreement with regard to endometrial measurement. Methods Two-dimensional (2D) and 3D-US was used to measure endometrial thickness by two observers in 30 women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment. Endometrial volume was measured with Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL TM ) in the longitudinal (A) and coronal (C) planes using an unmodified multiplanar view (UMV) and a standardized multiplanar view (SMV). Measurement reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement was examined using Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreement (LoA). The ease of outlining the endometrial-myometrial interface was compared between the A-and C-planes using subjective assessment.Results Endometrial volume measurements using the SMV and A-plane were more reliable 0.979 and 0.975, respectively) than were measurements of endometrial thickness using 0.742 and 0.702, 0.890 and 0.784, respectively). The LoAs were narrower for SMV than for UMV. Reliability and agreement were not much different between the A-and Cplanes. However the observers agreed that delineating the endometrial-myometrial interface using the Aplane was easier (first and second observer, 50.0 and 46.7%, respectively) or 'comparable' (50 and 53.3%, respectively), but never more difficult than using the Cplane.Conclusions Endometrial volume measurements are more reliable than endometrial thickness measurements and are best performed using SMV and the A-plane.

SummaryObjective: To determine the reliability of the baseline (BBAB) and post occlusion (POBAD) brachial artery diameters, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (BAFMD) measurements, and to quantify the standard error of these measurements (TEM).Methods: Internal consistency (2 measurements on the same day) was determined in 10 volunteers, whereas stability (2 measurements on separate days) was determined in 13 volunteers. All the volunteers were apparently healthy and all were nonsmokers. The brachial artery images were obtained using a two dimensional Doppler ultrasound instrument equipped with a 14 MHz transducer. The distances between the intima-lumen interfaces were measured before and after the blood flow had been stopped by means of a cuff on the arm for five minutes. BAFMD was considered as the percent change of POBAD in relation to BBAD.Results: ANOVA did not identify any significant differences between the measurements taken on the same and separate days. For BAFMD, the intraclass correlation coefficients between the measurements taken on the same and separate days were: R = 0.7001 and R = 0.8420, respectively (p < 0.05). The coefficients of variation were 5.8% and 12.4% and the relative ETMs were 13.8% and 14.9%, respectively, for the measurements taken on the same and separate days. Analysis of the Bland-Altman graphs indicated that the variables did not present heteroscedastic errors. Conclusion:The BBAD, POBAD and BAFMD measurements using the manual ultrasound technique were highly reliable for both the same and separate day measurements and therefore can be used to diagnose and monitor endothelial function. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;89(3):160-167)

RESUMOObjetivo: Determinar a confiabilidade das medidas de espessuras dos músculos flexores e extensores do cotovelo e joelho pela ultrassonografia (US), quantificando o erro típico associado a essas medidas (ETM). Métodos: A confiabilidade (duas medidas interdias) foi determinada em 15 voluntários aparentemente saudáveis (oito mulheres, 33,9 ± 11,4 anos, 76 ± 21kg, 170 ± 10cm). As imagens da musculatura flexora (FC) e extensora do cotovelo (EC) e flexora (FJ) e extensora do joelho (EJ) foram obtidas pela US bidimensional no modo B, utilizando transdutor de 7,5MHz. As espessuras do tecido muscular compreendidas entre as interfaces com o osso e com o tecido adiposo foram medidas em sítios anatômicos identificados e registrados para ser repetidos na segunda medida. Resultados: A ANOVA não identificou diferenças significativas entre as medidas repetidas. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse foram FC = 0,970, EC = 0,971, FJ = 0,555 e EJ = 0,929 (P < 0,05 para todos). Os coeficientes de variação foram de 3,9%, 6,1%, 6,6 % e 4,6%, e os ETM 1,3mm, 1,6mm, 4,9mm e 1,9mm, respectivamente, para espessuras de FC, EC, FJ e EJ. A análise dos gráficos de Bland-Altman apontou que as variáveis não apresentaram erro heterocedástico. Conclusão: As medidas de espessuras musculares de FC, EC e EJ apresentaram alta confiabilidade, possibilitando seu uso para intervenções como programas de dieta, treinamento físico ou reabilitação. No entanto, o uso da medida de FJ não deve ser recomendada, pois mostrou baixa confiabilidade e alto ETM.Palavras-chave: hipertrofia, reprodutibilidade, músculo esquelético. ABSTRACTPurpose: To determine the reliability of muscle thickness measurements of elbow and knee flexors and extensors using ultrasound, and to quantify the typical error associated to the measurements (TEM). Methods: The test-retest reliability was determined in 15 apparently healthy volunteers (8 women, 34 ± 11 years, 76 ± 21 kg, 170 ± 10 cm). The images of elbow flexors (EF) and extensors (EE) and knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE) were obtained using a two dimensional mode B ultrasound instrument with a 7.5 MHz transducer. Muscle thickness between the adipose tissue and bone interfaces were measured at anatomical landmarks previously identified and recorded to assure the exact site for the retest. Results: ANOVA did not identify any significant differences between the repeated measurements. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of each pair of measure were EF = 0.970, EE = 0.971, KF = 0.555 e KE = 0.929 (P < 0.05 for all). The coefficients of variation were 3.9 %, 6.1 %, 6.6 % e 4.6 %, and TEM 1.3 mm, 1.6 mm, 4.9 mm e 1.9 mm, respectively, for the EF, EE, KF and KE thickness. Analysis of the Bland-Altman plot charts indicated that the variables did not present heterocedastic errors. Conclusion: EF, EE and KE muscle thickness measurements using the current method were highly reliable and can be used to measure and monitor changes in diet, physical training and rehabilitation programs. Nevertheless, KF measure should not be...