For many criminologists, theory matters more than evidence in historical studies. But can historical criminology really proceed on this basis? In this article, we argue for the importance of primary research, that is, analysis of documents that originate in the period of interest. Using examples from archived documents in a study of women imprisoned in Malta during the 19th century, we address four issues related to history and theory: gaining perspective from unfamiliar places, finding the beginning of historical processes, making discoveries from details, and recovering the significance of forgotten practices. In this, we wish to join a conversation about historical evidence and genealogical accounts in prison history. We will also contribute to the significant, but relatively limited, literature on prisons for women in the 19th century.

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This essay analyzes the development of carceral institutions, such as asylums, workhouses, and hospitals, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to show that although these institutions were established with the stated aim of controlling crime, in reality they sought to control the poor, the lazy, and the morally corrupt. The rise and fall of these institutions and the problems they faced is incorporated into a discussion on the treatment of women, children, debtors, and the poor. The island of Malta, as crossroads for power, religion, and culture is used as a snapshot example to assess the extent to which continental European and English ideas shaped carceral institutions elsewhere.

Two Probation Services, the Probation Board for N. Ireland and the Department of Probation and Parole in Malta, that directly employ Psychologists, have come together to write this article, describing how psychological services have been developed over the years to support and add value to the work of Probation services. This article will describe the development of the two services, the psychological assessments and the interventions they deliver, that enhance the work carried out by probation officers. The benefits of this specialist role within the wider justice system will also be considered. The authors will highlight key principles of good practice and the learning for probation services for the future.

Domestic violence has its roots in culture and, in turn, culture constructs stereotypes about different sections of people. Although stereotypes may not necessarily be negative, they are the pillars that sustain prejudice and discrimination (Deaux, Dane, & Wrightsman, 1993: p. 218). Therefore, this paper will discuss the role of police women and the policing of domestic violence in the centre of the Mediterranean. The research focuses on a study carried out in the Maltese islands and in the region of Trapani, Sicily. After a brief description of the two islands and their culture, the paper will continue by explaining and defining the Mediterranean culture and police culture. The findings of the research will be explained in the final part.