Group A rotaviruses are a leading cause of neonatal calf diarrhoea worldwide and prevention of this disease includes vaccination against these viruses. In order to highlight the potential selection of rotavirus genotypes due to immune pressure driven by vaccination, the aim of this study was to compare group A rotavirus genotypes circulating in French diarrhoeic calves in rotavirus vaccinated herds (G6P[5] vaccine) with those in non-vaccinated herds during one calving season in 2010. This study showed a high prevalence of rotavirus in both groups with no significant difference between the two. No significant differences regarding G, P and G/P rotavirus genotype distribution between the two groups were observed, with G6, P[5] and G6P[5] genotypes being by far the most prevalent. Moreover, sequence analyses of the VP7 and VP4 partial coding genes of the G6P[5] strains from this study did not allow us to distinguish them according to their origin. This study also showed that other pathogens responsible for calf diarrhoea, such as genogroup III noroviruses and neboviruses, were not more frequently associated with calf diarrhoea in vaccinated herds. Altogether, these results suggest that the studied vaccine did not promote the emergence of rotavirus genotypes or variants different from those of the vaccine or other viruses responsible for calf diarrhoea, such as caliciviruses.

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A windowed averaged scheme is defined for general control systems. The same method is used to average costs in optimal control problems (OCPs). A numerical parameter α can be computed, which expresses the distance between the original system and the averaged system in a weak sense. The value of α is well defined for any system. Then, if we use the optimal control of the averaged OCP in the original OCP, the suboptimality of the control is bounded by an expression of the form C α 2 . This bound holds for any optimal control problem which satisfies the Legendre-Clebsch condition and such that the convexity parameter satifies a general inequation with respect to the numerical parameter α.

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