O estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a seletividade de oito formulações de glyphosate (Roundup®, Roundup® WG, Roundup® Transorb, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® e Zapp® Qi) registradas no Brasil sobre o parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). Os experimentos consistiram na exposição de adultos do parasitóide a resíduos secos das formulações pulverizadas sobre placas de vidro, na concentração de 14,4 mg L-1 de equivalente ácido de glyphosate. O tratamento controle recebeu água destilada. Ovos do hospedeiro alternativo Anagasta kuehniella (Lep., Pyralidae) foram ofertados para parasitismo. A capacidade de parasitismo por fêmea de T. pretiosum e a redução na capacidade, comparada com o tratamento controle, foram utilizadas para estimar a toxicidade do produto. As formulações foram classificadas em quatro categorias, conforme a redução no parasitismo: inócuo (<30%); levemente nocivo (30-79%); moderadamente nocivo (80-99%); e nocivo (>99%). Os produtos fitossanitários afetaram diferentemente a capacidade de parasitismo de T. pretiosum. A seletividade das formulações de glyphosate foi dependente do tipo de sal. Aquelas à base de sal potássico (Zapp® Qi) e de sal de amônio (Roundup® WG) foram levemente nocivas a adultos do parasitóide. As demais à base de sal isopropilamina (Roundup®, Polaris®, Gliz® 480 CS, Glifosato Nortox®, Glifosato 480 Agripec® e Roundup® Transorb) foram moderadamente nocivas a adultos de T. pretiosum.

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the most important pests of fruit trees in South America, where it can cause losses of up to 100% in fruit orchards. The endoparasitoid Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is one of the main natural enemies of A. fraterculus in Neotropical countries and can be used as a biological control agent against this pest. This study aimed to provide background biological information for the development of a method for mass rearing of A. pelleranoi in larvae of A. fraterculus We determined the effects of diet on the longevity and parasitism capacity of A. pelleranoi adults, the optimal instar of A. fraterculus for parasitism, the ideal exposure time of the larvae to the parasitoid, and the parasitism capacity of females of A. pelleranoi The results showed that a 30% honey:water solution maximized parasitoid longevity. Third-instar larvae of A. fraterculus should be used in parasitoid multiplication. An exposure time of 4 h of A. fraterculus larvae produced a larger number of parasitoid offspring, with the highest proportion of females. In addition, the estimated mean parasitism capacity of females of A. pelleranoi was 10 larvae per day. This information can help to develop a mass-rearing method for A. pelleranoi in larvae of A. fraterculus.

Fopius arisanus (Sonan, 1932) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an egg–larval parasitoid used in control programs of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). In Brazil, C. capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) are considered the main tephritid pests of exotic and indigenous fruits. The objective of this study was to study the biology of F. arisanus in C. capitata and A. fraterculus. Eggs of the two fruit fly species were used to determine the parasitism rate, number of offspring, emergence rate, sex ratio, adult weight and longevity of male and female F. arisanus. These biological parameters were used to develop a fertility life table. We observed higher parasitism and emergence rates of adults, a shorter duration of the egg–adult period and a sex ratio biased to females when F. arisanus was reared in eggs of C. capitata than in those of A. fraterculus. However, adults of F. arisanus from eggs of A. fraterculus were heavier and had greater longevity than those obtained from C. capitata eggs. The fertility life table showed better biological and reproductive performance for F. arisanus reared in eggs of C. capitata, although eggs of A. fraterculus also provided positive values for population increase.

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-This study evaluated the susceptibility under laboratory conditions of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults to fungicides recommended by the Integrated Production of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1 (0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.010), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480), sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010), tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless (< 30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); and 4, harmful (> 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective (classes 1 and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2, kresoximmethyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1 (AG) and tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T. pretiosum.KEY WORDS: Insecta, egg parasitoid, pesticide, Malus domestica, Integrated Fruit Production RESUMO -Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a susceptibilidade em condições de laboratório de adultos do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley a fungicidas utilizados na Produção Integrada da Maçã (PIM). Os bioensaios foram conduzidos utilizando-se protocolos padrões da Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico (IOBC), Seção Regional Paleártica Oeste (WPRS). Foram testados doze fungicidas nas respectivas doses (g ou ml ingrediente ativo/100 L) captana 1 (0,115), captana 2 (0,120), cresoxim-metílico (0,010), enxofre 1 (AG) (0,480), enxofre 2 (0,480), folpete (0,105), mancozebe (0,160), piraclostrobina (0,010), tebuconazol (0,010), tetraconazol (0,005), tiofanato-metílico (0,050) e triforina (0,024). Adicionalmente, utilizou-se água destilada como testemunha negativa e o inseticida triclorfom (0,150) como testemunha positiva. Adultos do parasitóide foram expostos a resíduos dos tratamentos depositados sobre placas de vidro, sendo avaliadas as reduções no parasitismo em relação à testemunha (somente água). Cada tratamento teve quatro repetições. Os resultados permitiram classificar os fungicidas quanto ao impacto sobre os parasitóides em quatro classes: 1, inócuo (< 30%); 2, levemente nocivo (30-79%); 3, mod...