Abstract. In the present study, frontal crash simulations were conducted to determine the effect of various car speeds against the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), a measure of the likelihood of head injury arising from impact. The frontal impact safety of ITB's formula SAE race car designed by students was evaluated as a case study. LS-DYNA ® , an explicit finite element code for nonlinear dynamic analysis was utilized in the analysis. To analyze head injury, a two-step simulation was conducted. In the first step, a full-frontal barrier test was simulated without incorporating a dummy inside the car. The output was the deceleration data of the car, which was used as input in the second step, a sled test simulation. In the sled test, only the cockpit and dummy were modeled. The effect of deceleration to the head of the dummy was then evaluated. The results show that HIC values at an impact speed of 7 m/s (25 km/h) to 11 m/s (40 km/h) were below the safe limit and still in the safe zone. However, the HIC values will exceed the safe limit when the speed of impact is the same as or greater than 12 m/s (43 km/h).

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This work presents the development of an optical motion-capture system for 3D gait analysis. The system consists of two video cameras with speed of 25 fps, flash lighter, LED markers, and two PCs and technical computing software, which are used to acquire marker motion attached to human body during walking. The developed system has five module to obtain real coordinate of markers, i.e. pre-processing, camera calibration, marker detection and tracking, 3D reconstruction, and post-processing module. In the experiment, two camcorders are synchronized using flashlight.The recorded videos from experiment are extracted into frames. The synchronized framesare converted into binary images and marker position can be detected and tracked using least distance method. 3D Direct Linear Transformation method has been used to reconstruct 3D marker position in real coordinate. The marker positions data obtained from experiment could then be used for further kinematics and kinetics analysis of human gait.

In the present work, an optical motion-capture system combined with software for 2D clinical gait analysis is utilized to determine spatiotemporal gait parameters such as stride-length, cadence, cycle-time, and speed as well as joint angles. The developed system consists of a video camera with a maximum speed of 90fps, LED markers, PC and technical computing software, which are developed for tracking markers attached to human body during motion and to calculate kinematics and kinetics parameters of human gait. Gait data of 60 subjects within the age group between 18 to 49 years are measured as part of an effort to develop normal walking database of Indonesian people. In the experiments, the subject is instructed to walk in a specially-arranged measurement area, which is calibrated using the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method. Before the measurement, the body posture of each subject is evaluated to ensure normalcy. To validate the system, the obtained gait data is compared to the available normal walking database, and the results obtained by the system show good compatibility.