The generalized viscosity implicit rules of nonexpansive asymptotically mappings in Hilbert spaces are considered. The strong convergence theorems of the rules are proved under certain assumptions imposed on the sequences of parameters. An application of it in the convex minimization problem is considered. The results presented in this paper improve and extend some recent corresponding results in the literature.

Background: The role of the germline in epigenetic transgenerational inheritance starts with environmental factors, acting on the first generation of a gestating mother. These factors influence the developing second-generation fetus by altering gonadal development, thereby reprogramming the primordial germ cell DNA methylation and leading to consequences that might be seen along generations. Objective: Despite these epigenetic factors now surfacing, the few available studies are on animal-based experiments, and conducting a follow-up on human intergenerational trials might take decades. To this response, this study aimed to determine the influence of parental energy, toxicant exposure, age, and nutrient restriction on the early life of offspring growth in Gambia. Method: This pilot study was based on population observation and combined both maternal and paternal factors across the country between August and October 2021. It captures the lifestyle and health detailed account of 339 reproductive parents and their last born (child under 5 years) using a structured interview questionnaire performed by nurses and public health officers. Results: This study showed that parents who worked in industrial areas were more likely to have offspring with poor psychosocial skills. In addition, mothers who are exposed to oxidative stress and high temperatures are more likely to have offspring with poor psychosocial skills. Mothers who consume a high-protein diet were almost three times more likely to have infants with good psychosocial skills in their offspring. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between maternal stress during pregnancy and the psychosocial skills of offspring. Conclusion: This study was able to ascertain if the maternal diet during gestation, toxicant exposure, maternal stress, and parental smoking habits have an influence on the early life of offspring. While the study recommends a large sample size study to eliminate selection bias, there should be an increased level of awareness of mothers of their offspring’s health and their husbands’ lifestyles that might influence the adulthood health of their offspring.

HIV counseling and testing (HCT) has become paramount in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS worldwide. However, the uptake of HCT has been very slow globally, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Student nurses formed the largest group undergoing health care training in the country compared to doctors and other health cadres. According to WHO, they are part of the most vulnerable group to HIV infection, judging by the fact that they interact more with patients/clients than other healthcare professionals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HCT uptake, knowledge, and attitude and evaluate influencing factors among student nurses and midwives in public nursing schools. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed to collect data from 305 randomly selected nursing students and midwives using a validated and reliable self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi square, logistics regression, one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test) were used for data analysis using SPSS version 25.0. A p-value < 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Out of the 305 students recruited for the study, 60.98% were females, with a mean age of 25.5 years old. About 58.4% of the participants had tested for HIV in the past. About 95.7% acknowledged the importance of HCT in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. HCT uptake among student nurses and midwives was influenced by factors ranging from an individual that are interpersonal challenges (such as concerns of friends), perceived susceptibility to the disease, lack of confidentiality, stigma and discrimination from health service providers. Therefore, these barriers can be addressed through an organized targeted health education intervention and advocacy programs across health training institutions in the Gambia and beyond.

Background: The trends in the role of the germline in epigenetic transgenerational inheritance starts with the environmental factors acting on the first generation of a gestating mother. These factors influence the developing second-generation fetus by altering gonadal development, thereby reprogramming the primordial germ cell DNA methylation and leading to consequences that would be seen along generations. Objective: Despite these epigenetic factors now surfacing, the few available studies are on animal-based experiments and to make follow up on human intergenerational trials might take decades. To this response, this study aimed to determine the influence of parental energy, toxicant exposure, age and nutrient restriction on the early life of offspring growth in Gambia. Method: The study was on population-based observational study on parental energy influence, toxicant exposure, age, and nutrient restriction on offspring growth in Gambia. Results: This study showed that parents who worked in industrial areas were more likely to have offspring with poor psychosocial skills. In addition, mothers who are exposed to oxidative stress and high temperature are more likely to have offspring with poor psychosocial skills. Mothers who consumed a high protein diet were almost three more likely to have infants with good psychosocial skills in their offspring. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between maternal stress during pregnancy and psychosocial skills of offspring. Conclusion: This study was able ascertain if maternal diet during gestation, toxicant exposure, maternal stress and parental smoking habits have influence on the early life of offspring. While the study is recommending a large sample size study to eliminate selection bias, there should be an increased level of awareness of mothers on their offspring's health and their husbands' lifestyles that might influence the adulthood health of offspring.