Students' course completion rate in distance education is getting attention of the researchers throughout the globe. Many factors responsible for high non completion rate of students in distance education are job responsibilities, domestic pressure and complexity of course content. Some researchers reported psychological reasons for dropout like, feeling of inadequacy, distress (Rickinson and Rutherford, 1996); lack of confidence (Cullen, 1994) examination anxiety (Fan and Chan, 1997). In literature lack of motivation is considered as the major responsible factor for this problem as students generally feel lonely due to lack of communication & competition in distance education.In this article effectiveness of ARCS Model of Motivational Design to overcome the motivational problem of distance learning students is discussed. The study indicate that the systems which are developed on the basis of ARCS Model raise the attention of the students during instruction, develop a relevance to the students' requirements, create a positive expectation for success and help having a satisfaction by reinforcing success.

Dentin dysplasia is a rare disturbance of dentin formation characterized by normal enamel but atypical dentin formation with abnormal pupal morphology. The teeth appear clinically normal in morphologic appearance and color. The teeth characteristically exhibit extreme mobility and are commonly exfoliated prematurely. Radiograph shows obliteration of all pulp chambers, short, blunted and malformed or absent roots with periapical radiolucencies involving apparently intact tooth. This case is reported here because of its rarity along with the description of various clinical, radiological and histological features.

The initial technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK) model was theorised on seven clearly identified factors. However, many studies have failed to empirically identify these seven factors, and elements influencing TPACK level, such as national context, gender, and age, remain unclear. The study is focused on teacher educators' TPACK as one of the most important elements in schoolteacher training. The main goals were to test the validity of the initial TPACK seven-factor model in a cross-national analysis context and to identify factors influencing the TPACK perception. The sample was composed of 574 teacher educators coming from a total of eight schools of educational institutions from six countries. A 26-item questionnaire, based on a four-point Likert scale, investigated the seven factors of the TPACK model as independent scales. It was administered online and anonymously. A confirmatory factor analysis using the robust maximum likelihood method and Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared tests were performed. The study showed four major results: 1) a relative stability of the seven-factor model structure across countries; 2) the relative differences of university teachers' TPACK perceptions across six countries in Europe and Asia; 3) the dependence of age and TPACK factors; and 4) an independence of gender/academic level and TPACK.

Free radicals play important roles in the mechanisms underlying lichen planus (LP). Uric acid (UA) is an important anti-oxidant in plasma.Prolactin (PRL) is an immunomodulatory hormone that may promote LP, as has been documented in other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. PRL has multiple immune-stimulatory effects and promotes the development of such autoimmune disorders. Prolactin and uric acid may serve as biomarkers of disease activity in lichen planus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the roles of depression, stress, and anxiety in LP, as well as serum levels of UA and PRL as potential biomarkers of disease activity and compare these findings with those of the control group. Thirty-nine patients clinically diagnosed with oral LP (study group) and 39 age-and sex-matched controls (control group) were selected in this study. Serum UA and PRL levels were measured. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 was used for psychometric evaluation of LP patients and controls. Serum UA level was found to be significantly higher in the control group as well as during the remission phase of disease in the study. There was no significant difference in serum PRL levels between cases and controls. Depression and stress scores were higher in the study group.

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