Objectiv e: This study is conducted on the differences between flat and curved displays with respect to location of focused points, posture and satisfaction as well as preferred tilt angles. Background:In order to avoid physical and eye fatigue caused by misplayed sitting posture, many studies have asserted that the display requires appropriate location, size and tilt angle as well as curvature. However, most studies have focused on the work environment and the results are varied in the extent.Method: Eye height data in sitting posture were collected from 30 participants. Participants selected the most comfortable viewing angle within the range from 0°t o 12° while watching videos for both curved and flat display. Then, physical and eye fatigue and overall satisfaction were subjectively evaluated. Lateral diagram describing viewing display condition was set and used to develop linear models for expecting the preferred tilt angle.Results: Due to sitting in the natural viewing posture rather than upright, the eye height is lowered to about 4.6 centimeters, on average, for both displays showing no significant differences. In contrast, preferred angles for the two displays are significantly different and this can be interpreted that curvature vary the points focused. Two linear models as functions of sitting eye height are developed to expect preferred tilt angle for each display. Based on the result of overall satisfaction evaluation, curved display is statistically better than flat display. Conclusion:The results show that flat and curved displays are significantly different expect for the viewing posture. However, reasons for preferring curved display are not accurately factorized and the linear models are limited in the experiment condition such as size of display, distance between display and viewer and other physical environmental factors. Further studies on curved displays under more various conditions are required. Application:This study can contribute to use of the curved display in various way.

In this paper, we reviewed both studies on general smart car technologies and HCI/HVI studies that were published in journals and conferences, so that we can identify the current status of research and suggest future research directions. Furthermore, we reviewed previous studies on elderly drivers as they could be the most vulnerable social group in terms of new technology acceptance. A total of 257 articles for HCI research and 45 articles for elderly drivers were selected and reviewed from 11,267 collected articles (from 2010 to 2014). According to the results, most articles were mainly related to safety and adaptive features (e.g., driver's state recognition, vehicle surrounding monitoring, driver action-suggestion), and infotainment research in terms of HCI (e.g., IT devices-vehicle interaction, vehicle-vehicle interaction) was relatively insufficient despite its high research demand. According to the results of the literature Downloaded by [New York University] at 03:59 29 July 2015 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 2 review and technological trends analysis based on previous technical roadmaps, from HCI/HFE perspectives, research related to 'Assistance systems', 'Physiological & mental state recognition', 'Position sensor technology', 'Behavior recognition', and 'Infotainment' were suggested to HCI/HFE researchers for the further research. In particular, HCI/HFE researchers need to focus on research on acceptable levels of automation, observing new driving behaviors, investigation of driver characteristics to develop personalized services, and new technology acceptance to develop and improve smart cars in the future.

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This study evaluated the effect of hand anthropometry and screen curvatures of handheld devices on hand comfort during single-hand touchscreen operations. By employing both subjective ratings and electromyography methods, the comfort level was measured using three mock-up devices with different curvatures; one was flat and the others had curvatures of 400 R and 100 R. The participants were classified by sizes and shapes of their preferred hand based on factor analysis results. In this study, 26 adults in their 20s and 30s participated in the experiment of tapping and dragging tasks with the mock-ups. The results indicated that the curvatures of the handheld touchscreen devices did not affect muscle activity but perceived comfort. On the other way around, size and shape of hand were found as the factors to affect muscle activities but not perceived comfort. The interaction effects between size and shape of hand were found as well. Overall, this study suggests that curvature and anthropometric characteristics of hand is the common factor in determining comfort for the handheld device design. C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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