A 26 T 35 mm winding diameter all-GdBa2Cu3O (GdBCO) magnet was designed by the MIT Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, and constructed and tested by the SuNAM Co., Ltd. With the multi-width (MW) no-insulation (NI) high temperature superconductor (HTS) winding technique incorporated, the magnet is highly compact; its overall diameter and height are 172 and 327 mm, respectively. It consists of a stack of 26 NI double pancake coils wound with MW GdBCO tapes in five different widths ranged 4.1–8.1 mm. In a bath of liquid nitrogen at 77 K, the magnet had a charging time constant of 16 min due to the intrinsic NI characteristics. In liquid helium at 4.2 K, the magnet generated a 26.4 T field at the center, a record high in magnetic fields from all-HTS magnets. The results demonstrate a strong potential of MW-NI GdBCO magnets for direct current high-field applications.

This paper focuses on the recent development of soft pneumatic actuators for soft robotics over the past few years, concentrating on the following four categories: control systems, material and construction, modeling, and sensors. This review work seeks to provide an accelerated entrance to new researchers in the field to encourage research and innovation. Advances in methods to accurately model soft robotic actuators have been researched, optimizing and making numerous soft robotic designs applicable to medical, manufacturing, and electronics applications. Multi-material 3D printed and fiber optic soft pneumatic actuators have been developed, which will allow for more accurate positioning and tactile feedback for soft robotic systems. Also, a variety of research teams have made improvements to soft robot control systems to utilize soft pneumatic actuators to allow for operations to move more effectively. This review work provides an accessible repository of recent information and comparisons between similar works. Future issues facing soft robotic actuators include portable and flexible power supplies, circuit boards, and drive components.

We used electron spin resonance (ESR) combined with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to measure hydrogenated Ti (spin-1/2) atoms at low-symmetry binding sites on MgO in vector magnetic fields. We found strongly anisotropic g-values in all three spatial directions. Interestingly, the amplitude and lineshape of the ESR signals are also strongly dependent on the angle of the field. We conclude that the Ti spin is aligned along the magnetic field, while the tip spin follows its strong magnetic anisotropy. Our results show the interplay between the tip and surface spins in determining the ESR signals and highlight the precision of ESR-STM to identify the single atom's spin states.Electron spin resonance (ESR) offers high energy resolution for the measurement of spins, which is not limited by temperature. However, it usually requires a very large number of identical spins to achieve sufficient signal [1] and, thus, provides averaged information on an ensemble of spins. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), on the other hand, offers access to individual spins and to the surrounding environment at the atomic scale, albeit with an energy resolution that is limited by the temperature of tip and sample [2].Recently, it was shown that these advantages could be combined in ESR-STM, which achieves an energy resolution of around 10 nano-electronvolt with atomic-scale spatial resolution on individual spins [3,4].The most common type of spin centers in ensemble ESR has the spin of S = 1/2 and measuring the dependence of the Zeeman energy on both the magnitude and the direction of magnetic fields lies at the core of ESR. A well-studied spin-1/2 system in ESR-STM is a Ti atom on a thin MgO film supported on Ag(100) [5][6][7], where Ti atoms are found at two different binding sites and are presumably hydrogenated [5,7,8]. Among the intensive reports of ESR-STM on Ti atoms, there was a discrepancy in the reported g-values [6,7,9,10]. Unlike ensemble ESR, ESR-STM rarely has the capability to change the direction of magnetic fields, which makes it difficult to unravel the origin of anisotropic g-values. It was recently found that such Ti at the oxygen binding site has a very highly anisotropic g-factor with the in-plane component being 2.7 times larger than the out-of-plane one [10]. Due to the 4-fold symmetry of the O binding site, the two in-plane components of the g-factor have to be identical. Initial measurements also hinted at an anisotropic g-factor on the lower symmetry (2-fold) bridge binding site on the same substrate [7,9]. Three different transition metal atoms have been studied using ESR-STM [3,5,11] and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the coherent driving and the detection of spins in ESR-STM.Proposed driving mechanisms include the physical motion of the ESR-active spin in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field created by the tip, also referred to as piezoelectric coupling (PEC) [6,12], as well as a modulation of the tunneling barrier by the applied AC voltage [13]. Recently, strongly persuasiv...