We study the heating energy of briquettes from cashew nut shell (CNS), cultivated in south Thailand. CNS briquettes (CNSB) were produced by mixing CNS powder with the cassava starch ratio 5:1w/w. A chemical component analysis of the CNSB was performed, and the heat utilization efficiency was compared with firewood charcoal. CNSB were found to have a fixed carbon content of 49.2%, ash content of 4.2% (750°C°C at 6 hours), and moisture content of 6.6% (105°C for 24 hours). It was observed that CNSB consists of energy consumption at 0.440-0.456 KW/kg and high compressive strength of 60.2 kg/cm2.The value of heat utilization efficiency obtained inside the fuel briquette of 18.01%, attributed to the burn rate average at 11.90 g/min. CNSB could be used to replace firewood and reduce cost for heating manufacturing processes.

This research investigates the use of charcoal produced from waste peels of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit as adsorbents of lead contaminants for cost effective wastewater treatment. Test solutions of lead (Pb (NO3)2) were prepared over 0.003 M to 0.5 M, to observe a color change KI was added to the solution. Charcoal from mangosteen peel was added in powder form or as flakes. We found that at least 1.5 g of charcoal was required to adsorb lead from 20 ml of a 0.015 M (Pb (NO3)2) solution, as indicated by low sediment and reduced color change.

The granular structure of ceramic material influences the electrical properties. Ceramics of YMNO (Y2NiMnO6) doped with Nd were produced by compression and sintering. Grain size was determined from SEM image analysis. Generally, As the Nd dopant concentration was increased, the grain size increased with sintering time. However, at the highest dopant levels of 30% and 20% Nd, a large range in grain size was observed with regions of defective growth. In contrast, a more uniform grain growth was seen for the 10% Nd doped ceramic at all sintering times.

Determining the structure of ceramic materials is essential in order to fully characterize the electrical properties and improve existing materials. YMNO ceramics (Y2NiMnO6) prepared by compression and sintering were doped with TiO2 and analyzed using XRD and SEM. The calcined sample prior to sintering contained phases of the YMNO double perovskite and TiO2. Following sintering at 1400°C, the perovskite structure was replaced by Y2Ti2O7 fcc structure, and the grain size was found to increase with sintering time up to 18 hours. This sets a limit to the amount of TiO2 which can be used to successfully dope the YMNO ceramic.

The magnetic properties of BaFeTiO3 (BTFO) perovskite are investigated. BTFO samples were prepared by solid state reaction method through compression. Magnetic properties are influenced by electron environments of the Fe3+ ions within the perovskite structure. Furthermore, the values of Ms and Mr indicate ferromagnetic behaviour in BFMO ceramics sintered at 800 oC for sintering as 800 oC for 6 hours at 1.898 emu/g, which is magnetization strength material more than sintering at 4 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours as 1.794 emu/g, 1.333 emu/g and 1.192 emu/g at measured of low temperature. Using the Curie-Weiss law fitting for investigate μeff~38μB high spin of Fe, negative of θ present to antiferromagnetic characteristics of BTFO sample. Finally, BTFO sintering at the high temperature of 800 oC for 6 hours exhibited the high Ms~1.898 emu/g at 50 K and ~1.216emu/g at room temperature.