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PurposeEmployee silence is a pervasive workplace phenomenon that can cause severe economic losses to service organizations. Drawing on conservation of resource theory, the present research aims to investigate interpersonal antecedents of employee silence, specifically workplace ostracism while considering the moderating role of negative reciprocity beliefs (NRBs).Design/methodology/approachTwo-wave data collected from 355 employees working in service organizations in Pakistan supported the theorized model. The study used SmartPLS (v 3.2.7) to examine the measurement model and the structural model.FindingsAs projected, the authors found that workplace ostracism was positively related to acquiescence silence and defensive silence, but not related to prosocial silence. Besides, this study’s findings supported two-way interaction involving workplace ostracism and NRB on acquiescence silence and defensive silence, but not on prosocial silence. In particular, the presence of high NRB makes the adverse effects of workplace ostracism even worse.Originality/valueThis study explores the boundary conditions under which employee silence is more likely or less likely to occur. This just makes the current research all the more salient that why and when ostracized employees resort to remain silent in the workplace.

Cattle farming is an ancient practice, with roots in the early Neolithic era that has retained a major status in the food industry, with global beef market revenue amounting to $385.7B (as of 2018). Hence, cattle maintenance is essential for catering to the nutritional requirements of modern civilization. This extensive review aims to provide a holistic overview of the cattle microbiome, analyzing the native microbial composition within the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and skin of cattle. The dysbiosis associated with various diseases such as bovine respiratory disease, bovine digital dermatitis, mastitis, Johne’s disease, uterine diseases (metritis and endometritis), and metabolic disorders (ruminal acidosis and ketosis) have been discussed. Moreover, various non-antibiotic microbial therapies including phage therapy, prebiotics, and probiotics have been examined as potential means to reduce disease-associated dysbiosis. In general, this review highlights the importance of the microbiome in the maintenance of health in cattle and its potential in alleviating bovine diseases, with an aim to enhance cattle health and production.