A low speed, closed loop wind tunnel at Texas A&M University is presented for the study of turbulent mixing produced by a variety of flows types. Anticipated experiments range from canonical “unit flows” to more complex combinations of flows and geometries. Originally located at the University of Pittsburgh, the facility has since been re-located to the Thermal Hydraulics Verification and Validation (THVV) laboratory at Texas A&M University. The tunnel has undergone considerable modification and updated diagnostics prompting renewed interest in flow quality assessment. This includes a thorough mapping of the tunnel inlet velocity profile provided by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Additional temperature and gage pressure measurements complete the assessment of system capabilities. These preliminary diagnostics yield empirically determined boundary conditions and fluid property correlations necessary for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model validation. The article concludes with the presentation of two unit flow types, including flow past a cylinder, with three distinct cross sections, and a single round jet in cross flow at three velocity ratios. The unit flows serve as initial benchmarks for THVV simulation efforts. Key validation metrics are presented for each benchmark including ensemble averaged velocities, Reynolds stresses, and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) eigenvectors.

Objective: We wanted to see whether impacted third mandibular molar extractions resulted in Alveolar Osteitis if post-extraction socket irrigation was used or not. Methodology: A randomized control experiment on 70 patients study was conducted from July 2019 to January 2020 at Islamabad Dental Hospital's OMFS department. Patients presenting with the mandibular third molars fulfilling the inclusion criteria had their teeth extracted with and without socket irrigation using the computer lottery method. In cases of dry socket, clinical diagnosis was made between the 3rd, 5th, and 7th postoperative days. Results: 70 patients/sockets were evaluated with 35 having been irrigated and 35 non-irrigated. The age range was 16-50years with a mean of 29.49 and most patients were between the 16-35 age group. There were 48.6% males and 51.4% females. Dry Socket was evaluated on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day between groups (A=irrigation, B=Non-irrigation). On the 3rd postop day, 14 (40%) patients in group A and 15(42.9%) patients were diagnosed as dry Sockets. A similar number of patients in both groups (20%) exhibited symptoms of dry socket on the fifth and seventh postoperative days, as did 5 (14.3 %) in group A, 3 (8.6 %) in group B, and 1(2.9 %t) in group A, all on the fifth postoperative day. Conclusion: On the third, fifth, and seventh postoperative days, there was no significant difference in the result of Alveolar Osteitis between the groups.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Tooth extraction is the most common procedure performed at the dental office. A very well recognized and recurrent post tooth extraction complication that dental surgeons face is Dry Socket (DO) also introduced as alveolar osteitis, localized osteitis, or simply alveolitis. The objective of this study is to ascertain the frequency of dry socket among patients undergoing dental extraction at Ayub Teaching Hospital. METHODOLOGY: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad for six months. A sample size of 203 patients was predetermined using WHO a calculator. Patients of either gender from 18 to 65 years were selected. Following the standard extraction technique, detailed postoperative instructions were given. The patients were educated about the symptoms of dry socket and were requested to report immediately if he/she felt any of the said symptoms. Those patients that reported dry socket, were identified, and their data was noted on structured proforma. Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyze the data obtained. RESULTS: The Mean age recorded in present study was 35±12.00. Gender distribution showed that 155 (76.35%) patients were male and 48 (23.64%) patients were female. Mean number of days elapsed for dry socket was 5+0.57 Frequency of dry socket recorded was 12 (05.91%) patients. CONLCUSION: In this study, the results collected were found to be statistically insignificant on the accounts of trends such as female preponderance and dry socket distribution posteriorly in the mandible. Our study was in accordance with the studies in literature.