Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into shaft of Ulna which gives passage to the blood vessels of medullary cavity. The knowledge of nutrient foramen is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting and more recently in microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation.Objective: To determine the number, location and direction of nutrient foramen and whether the nutrient foramens obey the rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of the bone or not.Method: The present study consisted of 150 (75 right and 75 left) dried ulna bones excluding any fracture or pathological abnormalities Number and direction of nutrient foramen was observed in each ulna. Location of nutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of ulna was determined.Result: It has been observed that 96.67% of the ulna had a single nutrient foramen, 1.33% double foramen and 2% had no nutrient foramen. It was concluded that 90% of the nutrient foramina were present on the anterior surface, 5.33% on anterior border and 4.67% on interosseous border It was also concluded that most (62.67%) of the foramina present in the zone II followed by zone I (23.33%) then by zone III (14%). All foramina were directed toward the upper end of ulna. Conclusion:By knowing the number and location of the nutrient foramina in ulna would be useful in preventing intra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery and will also be relevant in medico legal practice.

On the shaft of tibia surface openings for entry of blood vasculature is known as nutrient foramen which leads to nutrient canal to provide a pathway for blood vessels to reach medullary cavity. Topographical information about nutrient foramen is very crucial during various orthopedic surgical procedures. Objective: Present study is conducted to find out the number of nutrient foramina, its location and direction in relation to growing end of bone and to calculate foraminal index of human tibia. Material and Methods: In present study 61(30 right and 31 left sided) tibia bone were studied. Age and sex of the bone were unknown. Only fully intact bone without any disease were included. Surface location and direction of nutrient foramina were recorded. Total length of tibia was measured with osteomatric board. Distance of nutrient foramen from proximal end was measured with digital vernier caliper. And foraminal index was calculated. All data was tabulated and analysed statisticaly. Result: Out of total 61 tibia 95.08% of tibia had one nutrient foramen, 3.28% tibia had two foramen and 1.64% were devoid of nutrient foramen. Almost all (98.33%) of the nutrient foramina were detected on the posterior surface, only 1.67% were on lateral surface. Zone I contained 48.33% and Zone II contained 51.67% of foramina. Not a single bone had foramen in Zone III. Direction of all foramina were towards lower end of tibia except one bone. Conclusion:Thorough knowledge of morphology of nutrient foramina is necessary for preserving the nutrient arterial blood supply. Because it is very crucial in bone grafting, fracture healing, joint replacement therapy and vascularised bone micro surgeries.

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The identification of sex in human skeletal remains is an important component of many anthropological investigations and forensic science. Sex determination using sacrum is often considered with various available parameters and indices when dealing with human skeleton remains. Sacral index is the most important criteria for sex determination using sacrum. Present study aims at determining the significance of sacral index in sex determination from sacra of saurashtra region.Materials and Methods: 120 (84 male and 36 female) adult human sacra of known sex from Saurashtra region was included in present study. Ventral straight length and maximum breath of sacrum was measured , sacral index calculated, Demarking points for these parameters were used for identification of sex of sacrum.Results: In males sacral index varies from 90.38 to 119.36, with mean value of 103.49 and standard deviation was found to be 8.52. In females sacral index varies from 92.86 to 141.33, with mean value of 116.97 and standard deviation was found to be 8.52. In statically significant range(Mean ± 3 SD) maximum value of male sacral index was 121.76 and minimum value of female index was 91.40. These two points were accepted as demarking points.Conclusion: Significant differences has been observed in the sacral index of males and females of Saurashtra region. Sacral index is higher in females than in males. On the basis of present study it can be concluded that in Saurashtra region sacrum having sacral index less than 91.40 is definitely of male whereas sacrum having sacral index more than 121.76 is definitely of female. However not a single parameter could identify sex of 100% of the bones.

Background: Nutrient foramen is an opening into shaft of humerus which gives passage to the blood vessels of medullary cavity. The knowledge of nutrient foramen is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting and more recently in microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation. Lack of an adequate vascular supply can significantly delay or prevent fracture healing. Nutrient artery is the major source of blood supply to the long bone and hence plays an important role in fracture healing.Objective: The nutrient foramens obey the rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of the bone or not. Materials and Methods:The present study consisted of 68 (34 right and 34 left) dried humeurus excluding any fracture or pathological abnormalities. Number and direction of nutrient foramen was observed in each humerus. Location of nutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of humeurus was determined.Result: It has been observed that 94.12% of the humerus had a single nutrient foramen, 6.39% double foramen, all humerus have nutrient foramina. It was concluded that the majority (73.61%) of the nutrient foramina were present on the antero-medial surface, 8.33% on the anterolateral surface and 8.33% on the posterior surface of the shaft of humerus and 8.33% of nutrient foramina present on anterior border. It was also concluded that most (86.11%) of the foramina present in the zone II followed by zone I (8.33%) then by zone III (5.56%). All foramina were directed toward the lower end of humerus. Conclusion:By knowing the number and location of the nutrient foramina in humerus would be useful in preventing intra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic, plastic and reconstructive surgery and will also be relevant in medico legal practice.