Nitrogenous fertilizer is one of the dominating fertilizers, having indirect negative effect on soil health. The concept of nitrogen fixation through endophytic bacterium has been gaining popularity among farming as well as scientific community. Sugarcane which is known as high nitrogen input crop, so here its supplementation plays very promising role through endophytic. So the alternative option of this fertilizer is Gluconacetobacter. This bacterium has the plant growth promoting capacity by production of phytohormones such as auxins and gibberellins. The present study is on the isolation, biochemical characterization and screening of endophytic bacterium, was isolated from different sugarcane cultivar (roots, stem and leaf). Total 115 isolates screened, out of which 15 efficient isolates were selected based on production of growth promoting hormones. An isolate from sugarcane cultivar CoP-9301, GdS08S fixed highest amount of nitrogen i.e., 153μg of N/mg of Carbon used maximum concentration of Indole acetic acid (7.58μg/ml) while isolate GdS15S produced highest concentration of Gibberellic acid (8.19μg/25ml) which was isolated from stem part of sugarcane cultiar Co-0238. The isolate GdS07R showed highest diameter () of phosphorus and zinc solubilization zone i.e. 4.22 cm and 4.52 cm respectively. The G. diazotrophicus is found within the plant tissue, the biosynthesis of IAA and GA suggests that the bacteria could promote rooting, cell elongation and improve sugarcane growth by direct effects on metabolic processes, in addition to their role in N fixation. The best 15 screened isolate have been tested for production of organic acid (Tartaric, Fumaric, Malonic, Gluconic, Citric, and Lactic) and titratable acidity. Our results showed the importance of endophytic bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophocusisolated from native sugarcane cultivars in flourishing microbial communities under intensive sugarcane cultivation system which may be act as key factor in development of more sustainable practices to feed a burgeoning population of middle gangetic plains of India. The isolated endophytic bacterium is a nitrogen fixing bacterium found in monocotyledon sugarcane plants, which actively fixes atmosphere nitrogen and provides significant amounts of nitrogen to growing crops.

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The spatial variability in soil nutrients was recorded during 2019-2020 at Patna, Vaishali and Saran districts of Bihar, India which are adjoined to Ganga river. The soil samples were collected from pin pointed locations using GPS device to obtain the exact local coordinates of each sampling site and subsequently the protocol for sampling procedure was followed. Then, soil properties, viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and available iron (Fe) content were analysed in the laboratory. Descriptive statistics were applied to explain the normality status of soil properties The data of skewness and kurtosis for soil pH at 0–15 cm soil depth were negative (-0.72) and (-0.55). Standard deviation of available nitrogen, phosphorus and available iron was found equal to 1/3 of mean indicating the non-normality of the distribution of parameter of data. In sub-surface soil, the value of kurtosis was recorded negative values with pH, OC, available N whereas, positive data recorded with EC, available P, K and Fe respectively. The correlation coefficients indicated that organic carbon was positively correlated with available N, P and K and available iron had negative correlation. The negative correlation was also noticed with available iron with pH, EC, SOC, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at 0-15 cm soil depth. Spatial distribution maps of soil properties were developed for these districts using kriging interpolation techniques in a GIS environment. The generated maps of soil fertility parameter could be helpful to the farmers and policy makers.

Background: Pod borer is most serious problem to cultivation of chickpea across the world. In India, Madhya Pradesh rank first in both area and production of chickpea. This region is considered most affected yield of chickpea due to H. armigera. Host plant resistance is an important component for managing this pest. To develop cultivars with resistance to insects, it is important to understand the role of oxalic acid associated with resistance to this pest. The current study aimed to study the role of oxalic acid in expression of resistance against the pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in chickpea varieties under climate change. Methods: This investigation was carried out at Research Farm of Soybean Seed Production-Unit, College of Agriculture, JNKVV (MP) during Rabi season 2019-20 and 2020-21. The field experiment was laid out in split split plot design with 24 treatments and three replications. The treatments included three date of sowing i.e. 15th November, 30th November and 15th December as a main plots, two irrigation levels i.e. I0-no irrigation and I1- irrigation at 35 DAS as a sub plots and four chickpea varieties i.e. JG 12, JG 36, JG 14 and JG 24 as sub sub plots. The observation on number of eggs and larval population of H. armigera were recorded from one-meter row length (mrl). At five randomly selected places were averaged separately for each plot and made in to number of eggs and larval population per meter row length (mrl). The amount of oxalic acid in chickpea leaves was determined by UFLC method. The correlation was worked out with population of pod borer and amount of oxalic acid in chickpea varieties. Result: In this investigation, the ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) profiles of the leaf exudates of chickpea varieties exhibited amounts of oxalic acid significantly negative correlation with egg count and larvae incidence of H. armigera.

An experiment was carried out using virus-resistant papaya variety Pune Selection-3 to study the effect of different cultivation methods for enhanced production and input use efficiency at Horticultural Research Farm, RAU, Pusa during the year 2016-2019. The outcomes of raised bed cultivation (a), drip irrigation (b), fertigation (c), polyethylene mulching (d) along with micronutrient spray (e) were analyzed using different combinations of these parameters as treatments for growth, yield-related parameters, and fruit quality. Nutrient use efficiency was also assessed by examining various interactive components such as soil nutrient content, nutrient acquisition with nutrient content in the leaves, the efficiency of nutrient utilization informs of the biomass produced, fruit yield, and fruit nutritional quality. The plant height was maximum in T1 (155 cm) which was significantly higher than the plant of control treatment. The flowering time was found to be reduced in all treatments. However, total soluble sugar was higher in T3. Overall, when the B:C ratio was compared, the treatment (T1) showed a higher value along with a 2.38-fold fruit yield/plant and 0.89-fold increase in fruit yield per hectare. The nutritional quality of fruits enhanced in T1 treated plants having a 1.78-fold increment in flavonoid content, and 1.2-fold more lycopene. The phenolic content was also 1.8-fold higher than the control (T5). The result obtained in the present study demonstrates that with the implementation of a suitable fertigation system in papaya cultivation we can obtain papaya growth, fruit yield per plant, and fruit quality by targeting enhancement in cost: benefit ratio. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 10(2): 84-92.