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Introduction. Hydatid cyst, caused by Echinococcus granulosa, occurs rarely in the musculoskeletal region. Most of the time, clinically and radiologically it is diagnosed as a soft tissue tumor, benign or malignant. There are a few case reports of hydatid cyst presenting as an intramuscular thigh mass, which has been diagnosed at fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Accurate pre-operative diagnosis is essential in view of specific therapeutic options for this disease. Here we report a case of hydatid cyst occurring in an unusual location (thigh) and masquerading as a soft tissue tumour, diagnosed at FNAC. Case Report. 56-year-old male patient presented with gradually increasing swelling of the left thigh since 3 years. On examination, there was a firm non-tender 25 × 20 cm swelling on the posterior aspect of left thigh extending from the gluteal region to five cm above the knee joint. An ultrasound diagnosis of a soft tissue tumor was made. At FNAC, fluid was aspirated and smears showed granulomas along with multiple hyaline acellular membrane-like fragments, few showing vague laminations. A diagnosis of hydatid cyst was made at FNAC which was corroborated at histopathology. Conclusion. Intramuscular hydatid cyst of the thigh is a very rare manifestation. The possibility of hydatid cyst should be considered while aspirating any soft tissue mass lesion, especially when fluid is obtained and microscopy shows acellular hyaline membrane-like material, even when fewer laminations are noted.

Background: The term infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) was proposed as the streptococcal, staphylococcal and gram-negative organisms were being isolated among elderly and immunocompromised patients treated for glomerulonephritis. Previously these were called as Post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN). Most of the reported patients were Caucasians and Asians with male predominance. Among the adult IRGN patients a kidney biopsy is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and to rule out other glomerulonephritis. Aims & Objectives: To study the clinical characteristics and pathological patterns of infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) in adults and to assess the clinical and pathological differences of C3 dominant and codominant IRGN patients. Subjects and Methods: A hospital-based, analytical retrospective clinical study was conducted among seventy-three patients. Cases were included irrespective of gender with biopsy proven IRGN and aged equal to or greater than 18 years of age. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from 1st June 2019 to 30th Nov 2019 at Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore. A prior permission from the institutional ethics committee and written consent from the patients and their family members were obtained. Data obtained was entered in Microsoft Excel-2013 and analyzed in SPSS version-22 trial. Appropriate statistical tests were applied and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In the present study 73 patients were included based on the selection criteria. The mean age of the study population was 41.8 ± 14.5 years. Majority 51 p.c (37) of study population were males and 49 p.c (36) were females. Hypertension was the most common risk factor which was reported among 56 p.c (32) of the patients. Diabetes was reported among 17 p.c (10) of the patients. About 15 p.c (9) of the patients were alcoholics and 10 p.c (6) of the patients were smokers. Conclusion: Renal biopsy plays an important role in the assessment of prognosis and underlying glomerular nephritis (GN).

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Background: Present study was conducted with an objective to study the prevalence of left ventricular hyper trophy (LVH) by echocardiography in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to find out correlation of left ventricular hypertrophy with severity of chronic kidney disease.Methods: From November 2012 to September 2014, 100 chronic kidney disease patients who were admitted in hospital or attended on OPD basis for dialysis were taken for study. Detailed history, clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations and echocardiography was carried out. The diagnosis of CKD was made on basis of serum creatinine more than 1.5 mg/dl which remained constantly for more than 3 months. Patients with mild, moderate and severe CKD were having serum creatinine level 1.5-3mg/dl, 3-6mg/dl and > 6mg/dl respectively. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Cut-off for CKD was taken to be <60ml/min / 1.73m2 as per existing guidelines.Results: Out of 100 patients studied, 67 were males and 33 were females. All patients were selected randomly. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 61 -70 years (41%). In the present study, it was found that left ventricular mass index (LVMI) which reflects LVH showed a progressive rise in severity of renal failure with 17 % of mild category of CKD having LVH as compared to 26% of moderate category and 57% of severe category of CKD.Conclusions: Patients with CKD have LVH, which is more marked in patients with severe CKD. So, these patients should have a thorough cardiovascular evaluation even if there were no symptoms, and efforts should be made to prevent LVH, during the early course of renal insufficiency, such as strict control of hypertension, anaemia.