We sought to identify the mechanisms that cause strongly fused individuals (those who have a powerful, visceral feeling of oneness with the group) to make extreme sacrifices for their group. A large multinational study revealed a widespread tendency for fused individuals to endorse making extreme sacrifices for their country. Nevertheless, when asked which of several groups they were most inclined to die for, most participants favored relatively small groups, such as family, over a large and extended group, such as country (Study 1). To integrate these findings, we proposed that a common mechanism accounts for the willingness of fused people to die for smaller and larger groups. Specifically, when fused people perceive that group members share core characteristics, they are more likely to project familial ties common in smaller groups onto the extended group, and this enhances willingness to fight and die for the larger group. Consistent with this, encouraging fused persons to focus on shared core characteristics of members of their country increased their endorsement of making extreme sacrifices for their country. This pattern emerged whether the core characteristics were biological (Studies 2 and 3) or psychological (Studies 4-6) and whether participants were from China, India, the United States, or Spain. Further, priming shared core values increased the perception of familial ties among fused group members, which, in turn, mediated the influence of fusion on endorsement of extreme sacrifices for the country (Study 5). Study 6 replicated this moderated mediation effect whether the core characteristics were positive or negative. Apparently, for strongly fused persons, recognizing that other group members share core characteristics makes extended groups seem "family like" and worth dying for.

Sociologists coined the term “anomie” to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as ‘a state of society’ and as a ‘state of mind’, we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the ‘state of society’. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.

Abstract. Collective nostalgia for the good old days of the country thrives across the world. However, little is known about the social psychological dynamics of this collective emotion across cultures. We predicted that collective nostalgia is triggered by collective angst as it helps people to restore a sense of in-group continuity via stronger in-group belonging and out-group rejection (in the form of opposition to immigrants). Based on a sample (N = 5,956) of individuals across 27 countries, the general pattern of results revealed that collective angst predicts collective nostalgia, which subsequently relates to stronger feelings of in-group continuity via in-group belonging (but not via out-group rejection). Collective nostalgia generally predicted opposition to immigrants, but this was subsequently not related to in-group continuity.

Excess molar volumes and viscosities η have been measured as a function of composition for binary liquid mixtures of 1-propanol, C3H7OH, with ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol), HOC2H4OH, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol), CH3OC2H4OH, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether), CH3(OC2H4)2OCH3, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (1,2-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane), CH3(OC2H4)3OCH3, and diethylene glycol diethyl ether (bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether), C2H5(OC2H4)2OC2H5, at 298.15 K. Viscosity measurements have also been made for the mixtures 1-propanol + ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (1,2-dimethoxyethane), CH3OC2H4OCH3, and + diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether), C4H9(OC2H4)2OC4H9, at 298.15 K over the whole composition range. All the systems exhibit negative deviation from a mole fraction average in viscosity. The excess volumes for all mixtures are negative with the exception of 1-propanol + ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.

Viscosities at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure for 12 binary (an alkoxyethanol + trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene) mixtures have been measured over the whole mole fraction range by an Ubbelohde viscometer. The alkoxyethanols were 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, 2-[2-(2- ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol. and 2-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol. From the experimental data, deviations in viscosity are determined and fitted to the Redlich−Kister polynomial to estimate the binary interaction parameters.