Backround: ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens are hereditary characters and are useful in population genetic studies, in resolving medico-legal issues and more importantly for the immunologic safety of blood during transfusion.Aims: This study is aimed to determine the distribution pattern of the ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and compare it with other data from similar studies within the India and all over the world. Design:It is a retrospective study carried out at blood bank of Shushila Tewari Hospital of Government Medical College, Haldwani from January 2012 to December 2013. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 12,701 blood donors. ABO and Rh typing was done using slide agglutination method with antisera ABO and Rh (Tulip diagnostics ltd). Doubtful cases were confirmed by tube agglutination method and reverse grouping using known pooled A and B cells. The age group and sex of donors, frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups were reported in simple percentages. Results:The predominant donors belonged to age group between 18-35years (84.28%). Male donors were more than female donors, ratio being 352:1. Replacement donors (99.71%) were much more than voluntary donors (0.91%). The most common blood group was B (32.07%) and least common being AB (10.53%). Blood group 'O' and 'A' had same frequency. The prevalence of Rhesus positive and negative distribution in the studied population was 94.49% and 5.51% respectively. Blood group frequency with respect to ABO and Rhesus positive was found to be shown by formula B> O>A >AB. The frequency for ABO and Rhesus negative was given by the formula B>A>O>AB.Conclusion: Knowledge of frequencies of the different blood groups is very important for blood banks and transfusion service policies that could contribute significantly to the National Health System. Apart from their importance in blood transfusion practice, the ABO and Rh blood groups are useful in clinical studies population genetic studies, researching population migration patterns as well as resolving certain medicolegal issues, particularly of disputed paternity cases [8].All human populations share the same blood group systems; although they differ in the frequencies of specific types. The incidence of ABO and Rh groups varies markedly in different races, ethnic groups, and socio-economic groups in different part of the world [9].Knowledge of availability of different Blood groups at various levels is need of the hour for more efficient delivery of blood bank services and so is the need of this study.In the present study distribution of blood groups is studied in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, India. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present retrospective study was carried out at blood bank of Dr. Shushila Tewari teaching hospital of Government Medical College, Haldwani, Nainital after due ethical clearance from the institutional ethic committee. The data of present study corresponds to period www.jcdr.netParul Garg et al., Frequency of ABO and Rhesus Blood ...

Madura foot is a deep mycosis commonly seen in tropical and subtropical countries such as India. Its incidence is likely to rise in temperate regions as well, due to the increase in worldwide travel. The cases presented here are all agricultural workers from a rural part of northern India who had induration, fibrosis and minimal discharge from sinuses over the foot. Although culture remains the gold standard diagnostic test, this case report highlights the importance of histopathology in the early diagnosis and differentiation of common causative agents in Madura foot as repeated cultures are sometimes negative. Thus for mycetomas in which causative infectious agents cannot be isolated, histology may prove beneficial by avoiding inadvertent use of combined antifungal and antimicrobial agents so that a correct therapeutic modality can be decided, prognostic outcome be explained to the patient, and a preventable cause of deformity and disability can be identified and treated at an early stage.

Objective:To study adenomyosis and leiomyoma as the cause of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding AUB in hysterectomy specimens.Study Method:A descriptive study was carried out on 184 hysterectomy specimens of patients with AUB during the period of Jan 2010 to Dec 2011. Data including age, parity, symptoms and clinical indication for hysterectomy was collected for the study. The specimens were processed routinely and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain and examined microscopically.Results:Women in the perimenopausal age (40-50 years) accounted for the highest number of cases (44.56%) presenting with symptoms of AUB. In this age group adenomyosis was the found to be the commonest cause of AUB (46.34%).Conclusion:Adenomyosis was found to be the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in women of perimenopausal age group.

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Here we report an incidental huge uterine-cervical diverticulum from a total abdominal hysterectomy specimen in a perimenopausal woman who presented with acute abdominal pain. The diverticulum was mimicking with various cysts present in the lateral side of the female genital tract. Histopathological examination confirmed this to be a cervical diverticulum with communication to uterine cavity through two different openings. They can attain huge size if left ignored for long duration and present a diagnostic challenge to clinicians, radiologists, as well as pathologists because of its extreme rarity. Therefore, diverticula should also be included as a differential diagnosis. Its histopathological confirmation also highlights that diverticula can present as an acute abdomen, requiring early diagnosis with appropriate timely intervention. Immunohistochemistry CD 10 has also been used to differentiate it from a mesonephric cyst.