Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common nosocomial infections, caused by Escherichia coli. UPEC differ from non-pathogenic E. coli by the production of specific virulence factors which enable the bacteria to adhere to uroepithelial cells and to establish UTI. The aim of this study is to check the virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli.Methods: A prospective study conducted in the Department of Microbiology of a tertiary level hospital in Mumbai over a period of one year (February 2011 to February 2012). A total of 123 Urine samples received in the laboratory were processed as per standard microbiological procedures to look for virulence factors like hemolysin, hemagglutination, cell surface hydrophobicity and gelatinase production. Results: Out of 123 patients 69 (56.09%) cases were from females and 54 (43.90%) were males. Thus female: male ratio was 1:3. Hemolysin production was seen in 27.64%, hemagglutination in 53%, cell surface hydrophobicity in 27.64%. Conclusions: UTI is more common in middle aged females and in community set-up. The knowledge of virulence factors of E. coli will help in better understanding of the organism pathogenicity and guided empirical therapy can result in better treatment outcome.

Introduction:Salmonella typhi and paratyphi - related enteric fever still poses serious health risks to people all over the world. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin were recommended as the preferred treatments for enteric fever following the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance. Several reports of ceftriaxone resistance have also been reported, hence accurate medication susceptibility tracking is essential to maintain the empiric management of enteric fever. This study’s objective is to determine the MIC of ceftriaxone in order to help clinicians prescribe the right dosage and stop the emergence of resistance. Material and Methods: The investigation was carried out in 800 bedded hospital in Ghaziabad using a cross-sectional prospective design. A total of 228 Salmonella isolates were included in this investigation. The isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and the ceftriaxone MIC was calculated using the Broth Micro-Dilution (BMD) method. Result: Of the 228 Salmonella species that were isolated, 64 (28.07%) were Salmonella paratyphi A, and 164 (71.92%) were Salmonellatyphi. Ceftriaxone resistance was found in 33 (20.12%) Salmonellatyphi strains while it was found in 14 (21.87%) S. paratyphi A strains. 0.125 μg/ml was the ceftriaxone MIC50 value for S. typhi as well as for paratyphi A but the MIC90 value was 8 μg/ml in S. typhi and 4 μg/ml in S. paratyphi A isolates. Conclusion: This investigation revealed a concerning rise in the MIC to ceftriaxone and the reemergence of sensitivity to first-line medications.

No abstract

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) is one of the most common bacterial infections. Irrelevant use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of resistant strains. Aims and objective:To identify and look for the antimicrobial resistance pattern of various isolates in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary level hospital for 4 years (March 2014to March 2018. A total of 41020 urine samples received in the laboratory and 6114 of them diagnosed to be culture positive UTI were processed for Antibiotic sensitivity by the standard microbiological procedure.Results: Out of 6114 culture, positive samples 2829 (46.27%) had significant bacteriuria. Females more affected (52.27%) than males (48.43%). Amongst fermenters (GNF), E.coli (52.7%) was most common followed by Klebsiella spp. (23.65%). Amongst the Gram-positive organisms Enterococcus spp. (3.67%) was more common followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.44%). While Pseudomonas spp. followed by Burkholderia sp were the common non-fermenters (GNNF). In GNF, imipenem, meropenem and amikacin were most effective drugs whereas, in GNNF, imipenem, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam were more effective. Linezolid and vancomycin were the most sensitive antibiotics in Gram-positive isolates. Conclusion:There is increasing resistance to, and nitrofurantoin noted in our study that is frequently considered drugs of choice for empiric therapy. It is important to determine trends in antimicrobials susceptibilities, to formulate local antibiotics policy that will guide the clinicians regarding the empirical choice for UTI to prevent misuse or overuse of antibiotics.Clinical significance: Because of the emerging resistance to the available group of antimicrobials, regular monitoring of the resistance pattern is essential for the clinicians to choose for the best empiric therapy.

Introduction: Children still experience enteric fever as a severe health problem in developing countries like India. It is an infectious disease that exclusively affects humans. In the developing world, it is one of the most prevalent bacterial causes of acute febrile sickness and is spread by the consumption of unhygienic food or water. Aim: To identify the incidence and resistance pattern of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated from school-age children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children with Salmonella enterica infections in the Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College and Hospital in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. During the study period, (July 2021-June 2022) a total of 776 blood samples were obtained from school going children (03-17 years old) and immediately inoculated into Bact/Alert aerobic blood culture bottle and incubated at 37°C for upto five days. After receiving a positive result from Bact/Alert, Gram staining was done. Standard microbiological procedures were followed such as different biochemical reactions, agglutination with different antisera for the identification of Salmonella serotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. Data was analysed by software version 16.0 of the Statistical Programme for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Total 88 Salmonella isolates were found, of which 21 (23.86%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A and 67 (76.14%) were Salmonella Typhi. Infection rate was more common in summer season. S. Typhi as well as S. Paratyphi A was found to be most resistance to Nalidixic acid {58 (86.6%), 19 (90.5%)} followed by ciprofloxacin {42 (62.7%), 18 (85.7%)}. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance pattern among S. Typhi isolates was 07 (10.4%) and 15 (22.4%), respectively and among S. Paratyphi A it was found to be 07 (33.33%) and 06 (28.6%), respectively. Conclusion: This study found an increase in resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, which are frequently thought of as the best medications for empiric therapy in children. Regular monitoring of the resistance pattern is necessary for doctors to select the appropriate empiric therapy due to the increasing resistance to the available class of antibiotics.