Although multiple models of care exist to prevent the development of delirium in hospitalized patients, models for the management of patients for whom delirium is unpreventable or who already have delirium on admission to the hospital are needed. This article describes the development, management, and economics of a new model of care for patients with delirium, called the Delirium Room (DR). The DR is a specialized 4-bed unit that provides 24-hour intensive nursing care and is completely free of physical restraints. Another important feature of the 4-bed DR is that it is an integral part of a 22-bed acute care for the elderly (ACE) unit. As such, patients in the DR benefit from features of the ACE unit: a change in the physical environment of the medical floor to promote mobility and function and discourage bedrest, comprehensive geriatric care that identifies and addresses problems that can lead to a decline in function, and use of a daily multidisciplinary team meeting. This article also presents descriptive data on a group of delirious patients managed in the DR with the intention of giving baseline data for other ACE units that are considering opening a DR or for future prospective studies in this area.

Lakes, especially shallow lakes, contribute disproportionately to greenhouse gas (GHG; particularly CO2 and CH4) emissions and have received global attention due to their high potential to contribute to global warming and future climate change. Recent studies have identified eutrophication as a critical factor in GHG emissions. However, the role of lake trophic state index (TSI) and the impact of important water quality parameters (WQP) such as pH, Chl‐a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon on GHG emissions are still a subject of debate and an area of intense research. To further understand the relationship between GHG and lake eutrophication, datasets (GHG and WQP) from the scientific literature have been compiled, and statistical analyses of these secondary data were performed to determine the influence of eutrophication on GHG emissions. In this review, GHG emissions from Chinese lakes are quantified, and the important factors affecting these emissions are analysed systematically. The statistical analysis reveals that chlorophyll a and carbon (as TOC) are the key factors of lake eutrophication and have a significant effect on the GHG potential (mainly CH4 fluxes). In addition, the proposed mitigation measures could serve as a guide for scientists and young researchers to reduce future climatic risks.

The study attempts to approach aging in India from three perspectives, namely, the well-being of an aging individual, the aging household, and the aging population. The aspects, namely, work, financial dependence, integration, empowerment, and elder abuse are studied and their relation to age, gender, and marital status is investigated. The data sets pertaining to the National Sample Surveys for the reference periods 1986-1987, 1995-1996, and 2004 are primarily utilized for the purpose. The data sets from Building Knowledge Base on Population Ageing in India Survey, 2011, are also utilized for information on elder abuse. The results show that the older males are more likely to participate in household activities when compared with the older females. The married older adults are also more likely to participate in household activities when compared with their widowed counterparts. In a similar way, gender and marital status are found to be associated with empowerment of older adults. The working older adults, those who possess property and/or assets are more likely to be financially independent. Furthermore, the older females and the financially dependent older adults are more likely to face abuses of different kinds. Households are classified into three different types. Type I households have no older adults, Type II households have older adults and other younger members, and Type III households have older adults only. Results show that Type III households are found to be relatively more deprived and report higher average monthly expenditure when compared with other types of households.

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The system of teaching and assessment in the higher education in India is passing through a phase of transition. Many of the universities in India have adopted the semester system with credit-and grade-based evaluation of students. These systems are functionally different from the annual system of teaching and evaluation based on marks and percentage. The grade-based system of evaluation is recommended for its virtues and is accepted as a progressive step toward reforms in the higher education system. However, a critical evaluation of the new system vis-à-vis the older one is necessary. The objective of this article is to focus on some of the issues associated with the calculation of grade point average (in absolute grading), to focus on the anomalies created thereby in conversion of grade point average to percentage, and to suggest alternatives to minimize the arbitrariness so that the examinee is not penalized. The present work illustrates the problems inherent in the grading system using examples from Indian universities. Subsequently, the probable reasons for the problems are discussed. Finally, simple alternative measures are suggested to overcome the shortcomings of the grading system.