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MicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcriptional protein expression. Aberrant microRNA expression has been widely implicated in cancer biology with various effects depending on the affected downstream target(s). In renal cell carcinoma, microRNAs have been shown to influence metastasis by targeting oncogenes or tumor suppressors in complex regulatory networks -leading them to be coined "metastamiRs." This chapter aims to identify the microRNAs responsible for metastasis in renal cell carcinoma, review their molecular function and oncologic outcome, and discuss their potential roles for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is associated with significant morbidity, with development linked to environmental, lifestyle, and genetic causes. Recurrence presents a significant issue and is managed in the clinical setting with intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In order to address challenges such as a limited supply of BCG and identifying cases likely to recur, it would be advantageous to use molecular biomarkers to determine likelihood of recurrence and treatment response. Here, we review microRNAs (miRNAs) that have shown promise as predictors of BCa recurrence. MiRNAs are also discussed in the context of predicting resistance or susceptibility to BCa treatment.