Purpose To estimate the prevalence of posterior embryotoxon (PE) in the general ophthalmic clinic and to identify any features of PE that suggest that it is pathological rather than physiological. Methods Over 700 consecutive patients of all ages were examined with the slit lamp during their routine eye clinic appointment. Patients with posterior embryotoxon were invited to return for full ocular examination including keratometry, corneal topography, and gonioscopy. Results In all, 49 out of 723 patients were found to have PE. This gives a prevalence of 6.8% with an age range of 18 months to 95 years. There was a higher prevalence in the younger age group of 22.5% (age range 18 months to 20 years) compared to 5.9% in the older age range (21-95 years).A total of 29 patients with PE returned for further examination. Six patients had glaucoma (two with Axenfeld's syndrome and one with aniridia), and one had ocular hypertension. In all, 20 patients had bilateral PE on slit-lamp examination, which increased to 24 with gonioscopy. The majority of the PE was seen temporally (97.9%) and limited to a few clock hours. Gonioscopy showed that eight patients with PE had associated inferior pigmentation of schwalbes line. Conclusion This large series found the prevalence of PE the general ophthalmic clinic to be 6.8%. Its presence should prompt careful anterior segment examination, including gonioscopy, to identify any associated abnormalities that may carry a risk of glaucoma. Children should also be assessed for any associated systemic or genetic abnormality.

Background:Changing profile of work force can give rise different types of injuries.Purpose:To analyse causative factors (Host-Agent-Event) in ocular trauma over last 15 years.Methods:Hospital based prospective study during 1997-2012. Detailed information on nature of trauma; agent and setting were recorded.Results:Cohort included 12365 eye injuries, 1241 serious cases. Prevalence – 0.45 /10000 Mean age 45.8 with bi- modal pattern of incidence, 3:1 male-female ratio. 80% closed globe, 48% workplace injury (90% in marginal labourers with an exponential annual increase). 10% cases from garage mechanics.60% of eye injuries in female were related to “social violence”. Multivariate analysis has detected new causative agents.Conclusion:Significant change in parameters of trauma (Host-Agent-Event) is resulting in paradigm shift in eye injury. Unorganised unaccustomed labour in workplace injury and “social trauma” in females has become an important cause of eye injury.

Probing multiple proprietary pharmaceutical libraries in parallel via virtual screening allowed rapid expansion of the structure–activity relationship (SAR) around hit compounds with moderate efficacy against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease. A potency-improving scaffold hop, followed by elaboration of the SAR via design guided by the output of the phenotypic virtual screening efforts, identified two promising hit compounds 54 and 85, which were profiled further in pharmacokinetic studies and in an in vivo model of T. cruzi infection. Compound 85 demonstrated clear reduction of parasitemia in the in vivo setting, confirming the interest in this series of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinazolines as potential anti-trypanosome treatments.

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