Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains one of the most common opportunistic infections following solid organ transplantation in children. CMV causes morbidity and mortality through direct tissue-invasive disease and indirect immunomodulatory effects. In recent years, several new agents have emerged for the prevention and treatment of CMV disease in solid organ transplant recipients. However, pediatric data remain scarce, and many of the treatments are extrapolated from the adult literature. Controversies exist about the type and duration of prophylactic therapies and the optimal dosing of antiviral agents. This review provides an up-to-date overview of treatment modalities used to prevent and treat CMV disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.

Cystinuria is a genetic disorder that causes recurrent nephrolithiasis. It is the most common type of monogenic stone disease accounting for 6%-8% of pediatric nephrolithiasis. Due to recurrent episodes of nephrolithiasis, it is associated with a very high prevalence of chronic kidney disease. Life-long medical treatment to reduce stone formation is critical in preventing chronic kidney disease and renal failure in cystinuria. In this article, we provide an overview of cystinuria with a special emphasis on medical treatment options including new agents such as alpha-lipoic acid.

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease caused by genetic abnormalities, infections, autoimmune diseases, drugs, and malignancies. Anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab is the mainstay of treatment of aHUS caused by the genetic defects of the alternative complement pathway. However, the utility of eculizumab in non-genetic forms of aHUS and the timing of treatment discontinuation remain controversial. Here, we report successful short-term eculizumab use in two young adult patients with aHUS due to rare infectious and autoimmune etiologies: Lemierre's syndrome and post-infectious glomerulonephritis, respectively. Eculizumab was rapidly discontinued in both patients with no aHUS recurrence during long-term follow-up. Considering its favorable safety profile with appropriate meningococcal prophylaxis, eculizumab can be considered as a treatment option for non-genetic aHUS.