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Viruses and their related diseases have always posed a significant hazard to humans. The current pandemic caused by the Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is the latest illustration of what this tiny organism can do to humanity at large, putting everything on the brink of collapse. So it is reasonable that early diagnosis of infection from viruses remains a crucial step to prevent such human suffering. Many traditional methods are already in use for detecting viruses, including molecular approaches, serological methods, direct virus culture methods, and so on. Such traditional methods though are brilliant at some stages but are not devoid of drawbacks. To overcome the limits of conventional procedures, new techniques have been developed which tried to eradicate the demerits of the former procedures. Biosensors have come up with a lot of promises in terms of detecting viruses and diseases connected with them. The development of various types of such biosensors such as Affinity-based nano-biosensors, Nanoisland affinity-based biosensors, Graphene affinity-based biosensors, Nanowires based biosensors, Optical nano biosensors, Fiber optic nano-biosensors, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) based optical nano-biosensors, Total internal reflection fluorescence, Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), Electrochemical nano-biosensors had helped us in the rapid and sensitive detection of viruses. Aid to these nanosensors, viral detection now becomes very sensitive, rapid and cost has come down to a significant low. In this review, an attempt has been made to compile all of the different nano-biosensors and their applications. Due attention is given to the fact that the reader gets the grasp of the concept with much ease.

The global population's rapid expansion is a worldwide concern, which has led to higher medication and resource consumption. As a result, there is a tremendous need to seek out new means of producing reliable medications to meet the rising demand of a global populace suffering from a wide range of health problems. Various resources are available in marine habitats for the development of novel medications. Their life circumstances are radically different from those found in a terrestrial setting. In order for marine animals to thrive in the ocean, they produce a variety of secondary metabolites, which can possibly be life-saving bioactive compounds that come from an increasing variety of marine microorganisms. These metabolites have pharmacological properties that make them intriguing as a potential for human medications. Therefore, there has recently been a rise in interest in marine-derived biomolecules as potential treatments. Utilizing a wide range of screening methods, we can investigate the effects of these extracts and purified compounds from marine organisms in the medicinal industry, such as cancer prevention, inflammation reduction, virus and bacteria inhibition, ion channel/receptor modulation, and plant growth stimulation. The structures of bioactive substances will be determined after they have been isolated chromatographically. Marine-based bioactive compounds can be (semi) synthesized to make new derivatives, structural analogues, and copies that can be used to build new marine-based chemical catalogs and contribute as lead or hit molecules. This overview classifies FDA-approved marine-based drugs and provides information on their origins, chemical composition, manufacturing processes, and pharmacology. This paper outlines the supply dilemma in marine medicine development.

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic illness resembling smallpox. It was a national epidemic, primarily in Africa, but has lately spread around the world, and as a result, it could evolve into a global pandemic in a relatively short amount of time. So, a multi-epitope vaccine capable of eliciting an immune response against MPXV by exploiting cell envelope protein as a target was therefore designed and created to generate a novel vaccination that is both effective and nearly devoid of adverse effects. The constructed vaccine has T-cell and B-cell epitopes from A30L protein that are highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, conserved, and non-homologous. Consequently, they should be able to offer robust protection against the virus. Protein-protein docking was used to foretell the most effective vaccine design by docking with Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. In the end, the MD simulation and the immune simulation of the ideal vaccine construct both predicted positive outcomes. Ultimately, In Silico cloning will be employed to construct a vaccine in a large-scale production approach. Additionally, if in vivo and in vitro experiments yield positive results, our results provide an epitope-based peptide fragment that might be a promising entrant for the creation of a vaccine against the monkeypox virus.