Fractures of clavicle are known since ancient time, earliest description of fracture clavicle is found in Egyptian literature in 3550 BC. Hippocrates described fracture clavicle, as early as 400 BC and recorded that it is impossible to maintain reduction without surgical fixation, similar observation have been made by many surgeons in the years to follow. Selected patients were randomly divided in Group I and Group II. Patients of group I were treated by, closed/open reduction &internal fixation by TENS and Group II by open reduction & internal fixation by plate& screws. Patients were followed periodically at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months. Clinicians use various criteria to define a nonunion. Nonunion usually describes a fracture that has not adequately healed between stipulated 6 and 9 months after injury; delayed union, a fracture that has not healed after 3 to 6 months. However, some clinicians believe that a clavicular fracture is non-united if the fracture has not adequately healed within 4 months after injury. The constant scores were not significantly different between the two groups in the follow-up period and there was not much alteration after 1 year postoperatively. At final evaluation, the overall results using the constant score were 29 excellent, 2 good in the plate group; while in the TENS group it was 29 excellent, 1 good and 1 poor results.

Dynamization could be achieved by provision of oblong slots in the intramedullary nails called as dynamic holes, along with the circular slots. Thereafter the process of dynamization was done that included removal of the screw in the circular slot (static hole) after 6-12 weeks of surgery when the soft callus had already formed that allowed the interlocking screw in the dynamic hole to move about in the axial direction thus conferring a dynamic compression at the fracture site during weight bearing. Patients were examined, haemodynamically stabilised, 1 st aid administered in the form of splintage/ traction/ POP slab along with analgesics followed by radiological evaluation. Relevant data was recorded in preprepared proforma. Patients were evaluated clinically for fitness for anesthesia and surgery. Relevant investigations were done. Out of 77 femoral interlocking nailing procedures, in 6 cases, the fracture got impacted on table itself and thus nailing was done in dynamic mode since the very beginning, while another 8 cases underwent dynamization subsequently between 6-12 weeks post-op. Patients were followed up and when 2 consecutive x-rays did not show progress of union, were subjected to dynamization.

Fracture clavicles are known since ancient time, earliest description of fracture clavicle is found in Egyptian literature in 3550 BC. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. Medially, it articulates with the sternum at the sterno-clavicular joint. At its lateral end it articulates with the acromion, at the acromioclavicular joint. The study was conducted on 62 patients with fracture of clavicle, attending Emergency and Outpatient Department of Orthopedics, Medical College and Hospital. Patients were clinically examined; first aid was given in the form of, cuff and color sling, analgesics, antacids and was subjected to A-P view, Lardotic view radiograph of full length clavicle to decide the plan of definitive management. If needed CT scan and MRI were also taken. In our study out of 62 patients 42 (67.74%) patients sustained trauma due to road traffic accident, 15 (24.19%) patients fall from height and 5 (8.06%) patients from assault. Thus commonest (67.74%) mode of trauma was road traffic accident. Fractures of middle third of clavicle only were included in the study and medial end and lateral end were excluded as per our criteria. None of the patient had bilateral involvement.

Earlier nails were solid or hollow cylindrical columns of wood, ivory or metal that were simply introduced into the medullary cavity, thus providing the most elementary form of internal splintage. These implants however were highly reactive and accompanied with the poor understanding and implementation of sterilization procedures, led to a very high rate of infection and non-union. Patients were evaluated clinically for fitness for anesthesia and surgery. Relevant investigations were done. Patients of diaphyseal fractures of femur and tibia attending the emergency and outpatient department of Medical College Hospital, were selected for the study. Patients with Gustillo's grade 3 compound fractures, already infected fractures, sclerotic disease of bone with inadequate marrow cavity, periarticular fractures, patients below 8 years of age, patients with pre existing non functional limbs due to pre-existing pathology, polytrauma patients, and patients medically unfit for surgery / anaesthesia were not included in the study. All included patients underwent open or closed interlocking nailing procedure.

Introduction: Through much history of mankind, the overt manifestation of bodyweight gain in children and adults have been considered as a sign of personal health and family wealth and an indicator of the economic prosperity of the society. As developing societies are industrialised and urbanised, the standards of living continued to rise; obesity and weight gain began to pose a growing threat to the health of the citizens. Aim: To determine the prevalence of forearm bones fracture in obese and non-obese children between age group of 2-15 years. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics and Paediatrics at Dr BC Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Science, Kolkata, West Bengal, India from September 2017 to October 2018. Children were classified into obese and non-obese group according to Body Mass Index (BMI). Calculation of BMI was done by the formula BMI=weight (kg)/{height(m)}2. Obese children were determined by the BMI percentile by plotting the BMI number on the appropriate Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-for-age growth chart. Doubtful cases classification was confirmed by the paediatric surgeon. Injury mechanism was graded into three trauma kinetics (direct trauma, slow motion trauma and high motion trauma). The validated paediatric Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-A and PAQ-C) were used to grade the average daily activities during the week prior to trauma. Statistical analysis was done by using the Chi-square test and p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Total 583 children were treated during the study period in the hospital including both Outpatient Department (OPD) and Emergency Department. About 433 children were excluded due to below age two years, refracture, chronic illness, and major congenital malformation. Among them only 150 patients met the criteria of present study. Out of 150 children, 69 (46%) were found obese and non-obese were 81 (54%). The distribution by gender was the same in obese group which had 26 (37.68%) female and 43 (62.32%) male, in non-obese group 34 (41.97%) female and 47 (58.03%) male. It was observed that both bones fracture of forearm in obese children was more at risk than non-obese children, p-value of <0.5 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Present study shows higher prevalence of forearm bone fracture in obese children than non-obese children. Obesity and other certain factors might have been significant risk factor for fracture required for operation. Both radius-ulna fracture in obese were found significant.