<p>Manuscript submitted to the IEEE Transations in Power Systems in October 2022.</p> <p>Title: Coordination of Frequency Reserves in an Isolated Industrial Grid Equipped with Energy Storage and Dominated by Constant Power Loads</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>This paper examines the use of interconnected synchronous system requirements for frequency containment reserves (FCR) on isolated industrial grids that use turbogenerators as main source of energy, have high penetration of wind energy, are equipped with energy storage, and have a high level of constant power loads coupled by power electronic converters. Leveraging on the recent Nordic requirements for reserves in islanded operation (FCRI), we propose an expansion that allows prioritizing among various reserve providers under different isolated grid conditions. The study case of a complex, isolated industrial grid is selected to test this approach. The stability of this grid is evaluated via eigenvalues and participation factors considering the detrimental effects of constant power loads. It is demonstrated that, by prioritizing the reserve allocation to the faster converter-interfaced storage devices and loads, the overall stability is increased in addition to allowing the turbogenerators to operate at a more constant load. The results are supported by computer simulations of a rotating mass model, of the complex isolated grid in PowerFactory, and by laboratory power-hardware-in-the-loop tests. The computer simulation models developed for this paper are made publicly available for reproducibility purposes.</p>

<p>Manuscript submitted to the IEEE Transations in Power Systems in October 2022.</p> <p>Title: Coordination of Frequency Reserves in an Isolated Industrial Grid Equipped with Energy Storage and Dominated by Constant Power Loads</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>This paper examines the use of interconnected synchronous system requirements for frequency containment reserves (FCR) on isolated industrial grids that use turbogenerators as main source of energy, have high penetration of wind energy, are equipped with energy storage, and have a high level of constant power loads coupled by power electronic converters. Leveraging on the recent Nordic requirements for reserves in islanded operation (FCRI), we propose an expansion that allows prioritizing among various reserve providers under different isolated grid conditions. The study case of a complex, isolated industrial grid is selected to test this approach. The stability of this grid is evaluated via eigenvalues and participation factors considering the detrimental effects of constant power loads. It is demonstrated that, by prioritizing the reserve allocation to the faster converter-interfaced storage devices and loads, the overall stability is increased in addition to allowing the turbogenerators to operate at a more constant load. The results are supported by computer simulations of a rotating mass model, of the complex isolated grid in PowerFactory, and by laboratory power-hardware-in-the-loop tests. The computer simulation models developed for this paper are made publicly available for reproducibility purposes.</p>

<p>As conventional power generation units are being replaced with distributed energy resources, operational practices such as voltage regulation and congestion management are expected to be challenging. To address these challenges, regular and automated inter-control centre operational coordination will be needed between Transmissions and Distributions System Operators (TSO and DSO). In this study, the data exchange required for the near-real-time operational coordination is investigated for a reactive power management use case. A realistic ICCP/TASE 2 protocol is implemented in laboratory environment where the physical network is simulated in a real-time simulator while optimal set-points are communicated from the control centers to simulated assets being communicated through the IEC 60870-5-104. In addition, the sufficiency of the Common Information Model (CIM) and Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (CGMES) is evaluated for TSO-DSO network data exchange. The results from the cyber-physical test setup show that the detailed DSO grid model knowledge by the TSO results in lower system losses. Such data can be difficult to prepare, exchange and compute. However, results show that simplified equivalent models can be acceptable if they are properly tailored to the specific use case. The experiences from the CIM implementation with the CGMES profile are found out to be sufficient for such operational data exchange.</p>

<p>As conventional power generation units are being replaced with distributed energy resources, operational practices such as voltage regulation and congestion management are expected to be challenging. To address these challenges, regular and automated inter-control centre operational coordination will be needed between Transmissions and Distributions System Operators (TSO and DSO). In this study, the data exchange required for the near-real-time operational coordination is investigated for a reactive power management use case. A realistic ICCP/TASE 2 protocol is implemented in laboratory environment where the physical network is simulated in a real-time simulator while optimal set-points are communicated from the control centers to simulated assets being communicated through the IEC 60870-5-104. In addition, the sufficiency of the Common Information Model (CIM) and Common Grid Model Exchange Standard (CGMES) is evaluated for TSO-DSO network data exchange. The results from the cyber-physical test setup show that the detailed DSO grid model knowledge by the TSO results in lower system losses. Such data can be difficult to prepare, exchange and compute. However, results show that simplified equivalent models can be acceptable if they are properly tailored to the specific use case. The experiences from the CIM implementation with the CGMES profile are found out to be sufficient for such operational data exchange.</p>