In this manuscript, we systematically investigate projective difference synchronization between identical generalized Lotka–Volterra biological models of integer order using active control and parameter identification methods. We employ Lyapunov stability theory (LST) to construct the desired controllers, which ensures the global asymptotical convergence of a trajectory following synchronization errors. In addition, simulations were conducted in a MATLAB environment to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed techniques. Exceptionally, both experimental and theoretical results are in excellent agreement. Comparative analysis between the considered strategy and previously published research findings is presented. Lastly, we describe an application of our considered combination difference synchronization in secure communication through numerical simulations.

In this paper, the dual combination–combination hybrid synchronization (DCCHS) scheme has been investigated in fractional-order chaotic systems with a distinct dimension applying a scaling matrix. The formulations for the active control have been analyzed numerically using Lyapunov’s stability analysis in order to achieve the proposed DCCHS among the considered systems. With the evolution of time, the error system then converges to zero by applying a suitably designed control function. The proposed synchronization technique depicts a higher degree of complexity in error systems, and therefore, the DCCHS scheme provides higher protection for secure communication. Mathematical simulations are implemented using MATLAB, the results of which confirm that the proposed approach is superior and more effective in comparison to existing chaos literature.

<abstract><p>This work deals with a systematic approach for the investigation of compound difference anti-synchronization (CDAS) scheme among chaotic generalized Lotka-Volterra biological systems (GLVBSs). First, an active control strategy (ACS) of nonlinear type is described which is specifically based on Lyapunov's stability analysis (LSA) and master-slave framework. In addition, the biological control law having nonlinear expression is constructed for attaining asymptotic stability pattern for the error dynamics of the discussed GLVBSs. Also, simulation results through MATLAB environment are executed for illustrating the efficacy and correctness of considered CDAS approach. Remarkably, our attained analytical outcomes have been in outstanding conformity with the numerical outcomes. The investigated CDAS strategy has numerous significant applications to the fields of encryption and secure communication.</p></abstract>

A number of properties for the classes Bp-1 and B*p have been proved. The class Bp-1 characterizes the Lp- inequality involving the averaging operator and the class B*p characterizes the Lp-inequality involving the adjoint averaging operator. The reverse inequalities involving the integral operators in Lp? have also been studied.

In this paper, we primarily investigate the methodology for the hybrid complex projective synchronization (HCPS) scheme in non-identical complex fractional order chaotic systems via an active complex synchronization technique (ACST). Appropriate controllers of a nonlinear type are designed in view of master–slave composition and Lyapunov’s stability criterion (LSC). The HCPS is an extended version of the previously designed projective synchronization scheme. In the HCPS scheme, by using a complex scale matrix, the system taken as slave system is asymptotically synchronized with another system taken as the master system. By utilizing a complex scale matrix, the unpredictability and security of communication are increased along with image encryption. An efficient computational method has been employed to validate and visualize the HCPS method’s efficacy by performing numerical simulation outcomes in MATLAB.