Background: Sleep disturbance is a disorder that includes a lack of quantity and quality of sleep. Students, especially medical students, have a high risk of getting sleep disorders of poor sleep quality and quantity. Poor sleep quality can interfere with memory. Besides, poor sleep quality also results in fatigue, which can lead to increased reaction time.Aim: To determine the relationship between sleep quality and short-term memory and reaction time in first-year medical students of Diponegoro University.Methods: This Observational study used a cross-sectional design with first-year medical students of Diponegoro University as the subjects. Kolmogorov-Smirnov was applied as the normality test, then the hypothesis test between sleep quality and short-term memory used the Pearson Chi-Square test, while sleep quality and reaction time used the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Two hundred students participated in the study. Eighty two people (41%) had good sleep quality, 118 people (59%) had poor sleep quality. The p value of the relationship between sleep quality and short-term memory showed insignificant result (p=0.791). Meanwhile, the Mann-Whitney test to measure the relationship between sleep quality and reaction time was also insignificant (p=0.270).Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between sleep quality with reaction time and short-term memory in first-year medical students of Diponegoro University.

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Introduction. Valproic acid is commonly used for the treatment of epilepsy, psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorders, anxiety and prophylaxis migraine. Long-term use of valproic acid is related with metabolic disorders such as the increase of body weight and changes of lipid profiles which are contributed to cardiovascular events, however, these associations remain unclear, furthermore, the mechanisms of these effects have not been fully elucidated. Aim. To summarize and discuss the potential mechanisms of valproic acid-related changes of lipid profiles so as to get a better understanding of the side effects of valproic acid on lipid metabolism. Methods. Literature reviews were conducted through the survey of the literature utilizing the Pubmed electronic databases, with the aim to identify all literature regarding the metabolic effects of valproic acid. This review has been written to summarize the latest evidence of valproic acid's effects on lipid profiles. Review and Discussion. The possible mechanisms of valproic acid-related changes of lipid profiles could be through insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in several ways, resulting in the alteration of lipogenesis and clearance of triglyceride and lipoproteins. Conclusion. The effect of valproic acid on lipid profiles is complex and there is a need for further investigation. Consequently the monitoring and follow up of lipid profiles from patients prescribed valproic acid is recommended.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that is included in the group of metabolic diseases, characterized by hyperglycemia that occurs due to abnormal insulin secretion. Generally, treatment of diabetes mellitus uses insulin injection and Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (OHD). In addition there are also animals are trusted by public in healing diabetes mellitus. Antlions (Myrmeleon sp)  is a useful animal to treat diabetes mellitus. The body of antlions contains sulfonylureas which is a substance that stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Aim: The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of antlions extract on blood glucose level of male swiss mice induced by streptozotocin Methods: This research was a pure experimental laboratory study and the design used is the Pre Test and Post Test Control Group Design, which is done by comparing the results of observations in the control and treatment groups after the action was done. Sampling was done using the simple random sampling technique. The sample size used in this study amounted to 30 mice. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA test with a confidence level of 95%. Results: The administration of antlions extract could lower (p<0.05) blood glucose levels in male Swiss mice after 28 days of treatment. The administration of antlions extract with doses of 14 mg/kgBW and 56 mg/kgBW significantly lowered blood glucose levels in male Swiss mice as evidenced by p=<0.001 and p=0.034. Whereas the administration of antlions extract with a dose of 28 mg/kgBW was less significant in lowering blood glucose levels in male Swiss mice (p=0.210). Conclusion: The administration of antlions extract (Myrmeleon sp.) with a dose of 14 mg/kgBW had the best effect on lowering blood glucose levels in male Swiss mice after 28 days of treatment. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, blood glucose, antlions