Low-dose rectal diclofenac can prevent PEP.

Sarcopenia is a risk factor for recurrence in patients with HCC who were treated with curative treatment.

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) plays an important role in the efficiency of xylose fermentation during cellulosic ethanol production. In simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), the optimal temperature for cellulase hydrolysis of lignocellulose is much higher than that of fermentation. Successful use of SSCF requires optimization of the expression of PPP genes at elevated temperatures. This study examined the combinatorial expression of PPP genes at high temperature. The results revealed that over-expression of TAL1 and TKL1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) at 30 °C and over-expression of all PPP genes at 36 °C resulted in the highest ethanol productivities. Furthermore, combinatorial over-expression of PPP genes derived from S. cerevisiae and a thermostable yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus allowed the strain to ferment xylose with ethanol productivity of 0.51 g/L/h, even at 38 °C. These results clearly demonstrate that xylose metabolism can be improved by the utilization of appropriate combinations of thermostable PPP genes in high-temperature production of ethanol.

Isoniazid (INH) is one of the most effective antibiotics against tuberculosis. INH is a prodrug that is activated by KatG. Although extensive studies have been performed in order to understand the mechanism of KatG, even the binding site of INH in KatG remains controversial. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of KatG from Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 (SeKatG) in a complex with INH at 2.12‐Å resolution. Three INH molecules were bound to the molecular surface. One INH molecule was bound at the entrance to the ε‐edge side of heme (designated site 1), another was bound at the entrance to the γ‐edge side of heme (site 2), and another was bound to the loop structures in front of the heme propionate side chain (site 3). All of the interactions between KatG and the bound INH seemed to be weak, being mediated mainly by van der Waals contacts. Structural comparisons revealed that the identity and configuration of the residues in site 1 were very similar among SeKatG, Burkholderia pseudomallei KatG, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG. In contrast, sites 2 and 3 were structurally diverse among the three proteins. Thus, site 1 is probably the common KatG INH‐binding site. A static enzymatic analysis and thermal shift assay suggested that the INH‐activating reaction does not proceed in site 1, but rather that this site may function as an initial trapping site for the INH molecule. Database The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the accession number http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=3WXO.

BackgroundThe present study was performed to compare the safety of sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the endoscopy room versus operation room.MethodsIn total, 297 patients with gastrointestinal tumors who underwent ESD from January 2011 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent ESD in the endoscopy room without propofol (Group E) versus operation room with propofol (Group O). The patient, tumor, and procedure characteristics; adverse events; and treatment outcomes were compared between the two groups.ResultsThe patient and tumor characteristics, including age (73.6 ± 8.2 vs. 72.5 ± 9.1 years), comorbidities, and tumor size and histology, were not different between Groups E and O. The ESD procedure time was comparable between Groups E and O (105.4 ± 70.4 vs. 106.5 ± 64.4 min), and the anesthesia time was equivalent (138.3 ± 78.1 vs. 148.4 ± 68.8 min). There were no significant differences in adverse events between the two groups. During the ESD procedure, desaturation occurred significantly more often in Group E than O (12.9% vs. 4.0%, P = 0.021, odds ratio: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.17–14.4). The recovery time after ESD was significantly longer in Group E than O (180 (100–360) vs. 90 (0–180) min, P < 0.001).ConclusionsA decreased desaturation rate and shorter recovery time after ESD were the advantages of sedation in the operation room with propofol compared with sedation in the endoscopy room. These findings warrant further exploration of the advantages of safe and effective ESD for upper gastrointestinal neoplasms in the operation room.