BACKGROUND A descriptive, observational and non-interventional hospital-based study on diabetes-related chronic renal failure patients undergoing regular haemodialysis was conducted to evaluate the occurrences of ocular manifestations and to know whether ocular screening was useful. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. Hundred patients who were diabetic and undergoing treatment for chronic renal failure were taken. Detailed history was collected and clinical examination was done. All ocular findings were noted. Vision was noted with Snellen's chart. Anterior segment was assessed with slit lamp. Intraocular Pressure (IOP) measured using applanation tonometer. Retinal pathologies were noted with 90 D lens under slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopy and ultrasound scan were used in mature cataract cases. RESULTS Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) was noted in 95% cases, and of this, 64% of diabetic retinopathy were detected for the first time and were advised to undergo treatment. Lid oedema (58%), dry eye (48%) and corneal conjunctival calcification (12%) were also detected. More severe grades of DR were detected with increasing severity of renal disease. Seventeen percent patients showed Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) changes. CONCLUSION Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) patients are at increased risk of visual loss since this condition causes worsening of diabetic retinopathy changes. Regular ocular examinations are required in these patients for timely interventions to reduce risk of visual loss and thereby to improve patient's quality of life.

BACKGROUND The histological and epidemiological characteristics of pterygium suggests that the UV radiation plays a role in the pathogenesis by producing a chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration with inflammatory oedema and cell-induced angiogenesis. Many surgical techniques and modifications have failed to prevent recurrent pterygium. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 238 eyes of 182 patients with primary pterygium. The patients were followed up for a period of 2 years. The patients were managed with different surgical techniques and were grouped into three categories. Group 1 patients were treated with excision and conjunctival rotation pedicle graft. Group 2 were treated with excision followed by conjunctival autograft. Group 3 were treated with excision followed by postoperative instillation of mitomycin-C (MMC) drops 0.02%. Age varied from 22-58 years. Male and female distributions were made equal in all 3 groups. RESULTS Complications noted were haemorrhage, chemosis, foreign body sensation and scleral melt. Complication rate noted in the groups were 16% in group 1, 7% in group 2 and 9% in group 3. A cosmetic blemish or regrowth of fibrovascular tissue was considered as recurrence. Recurrence rate in group 1 were 15%, group 2 were 9% and group 3 were 8%. CONCLUSION In this study, it was found that recurrence of pterygium was comparably less in groups that underwent conjunctival autograft and topical MMC treatment. However, conjunctival autograft is the preferred procedure over topical MMC due to complications associated with MMC treatment.

BACKGROUND Patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) suffer from numbness, burning feet, lightning pain, and pins-and-needles sensations. Recently, High resolution ultrasonography is commonly used for evaluation of peripheral nerve diseases because of its easy availability, time saving and non-invasiveness of the procedure. This study intended to compare the cross sectional area (CSA) of posterior tibial nerve (PTN) in type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy with that of non-diabetic healthy adults using high resolution ultrasonography (HRU) and study the role of increase in HbA1c level and severity of DPN comparing with CSA of PTN. METHODS A cross sectional comparative descriptive study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2020 with 50 type 2 diabetic patients and 50 healthy adults. 50 type 2 diabetic patients, clinically diagnosed with DPN were analysed and using the Toronto Clinical Neuropathy Score (TCNS) System, the severity of neuropathy was determined. HbA1c level and other demographic data were collected. 50 healthy adults were taken as controls. The CSA of posterior tibial nerve was measured 3 cm proximal to the medial malleolus in both lower limbs using HRU. RESULTS The mean CSA of posterior tibial nerve in healthy subjects was 6.0 + / - 0.142 mm2 , and in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy was 11.77 + / - 0.291 mm2 . Upon comparing the mean CSA of posterior tibial nerve of diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy and control subjects were statistically significant (P < 0.001) in unpaired ‘t’ test. In our study, CSA of the posterior tibial nerve correlated significantly with TCNS and HbA1c levels, at P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that there is a significant difference between the cross sectional areas of posterior tibial nerve in diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy and healthy adult subjects. HRU can detect cross sectional area changes in the posterior tibial nerve early. Thus, ultrasonography can be used as a good screening tool in these patients. KEYWORDS Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Posterior Tibial Nerve, High Resolution Ultrasonography