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Objectives: To investigate the current developments of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in teeth identification on Panoramic Radiographs (PR). Our aim was to evaluate and compare the performances of Deep Learning (DL) models that have been employed in the execution of this task. Methods: The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (Reg. No.: CRD42021249627). All recent studies that utilized DL models for identifying teeth on PRs were included in this review. An extensive search of the medical electronic databases including, PubMed NLM, EBSCO Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, and Wiley Cochrane Library were conducted. This was followed by a hand search of the IEEE Xplore database. The diagnostic performance of DL models in teeth identification tasks on PR was the primary outcome assessed in this review. The risk of bias assessment of the included studies was evaluated via the modified QUADAS-2 tool. Owing to the heterogeneity of the reported performance metrics, a meta-analysis was not possible. Results: The search yielded a total of 282 articles, out of which 13 relevant ones were included in this review. These studies utilized a diverse range of DL models for teeth identification tasks on PRs and reported their performances using a variety of metrics. Conclusion: The results of teeth identification tasks carried out by DL models are encouraging; however, there is a need for the shortcomings that have been identified in our preliminary review, to be addressed by future researchers.

Objective: To evaluate variations in the shape, diameter, length and width of the nasopalatine canal along with the width of the buccal cortical bone anterior to it, using cone beam computed tomography imaging. Methods: The retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from September to October 2020, and comprised pre-existing cone beam computed tomography scans taken between 2015 and 2020 of patients of either gender aged 18-60 years who had maxillary central incisors present. The shapes and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal were observed along with the buccal bone anterior to the nasopalatine canal. Data was compare with respect to age and gender. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Results: Of the 90 scans evaluated, 46(51.1%) belonged to females with a mean age of 37.85+18.19 years, and 44(48.9%) belonged to males with a mean age of 38.07+13.58 years. The mean length and width of the nasopalatine canal was 11.28+1.90mm and 2.62+0.91mm, respectively. The nasopalatine canal was significantly longer (p<0.01) and wider (p=0.02) in males than females. The mean diameter of foramen of Stenson was 2.99+1.17mm and incisive foramen was 6.09+1.80mm. The mean width of the buccal cortical bone at the most coronal, middle and most incisal levels was 7.20+1.70mm, 6.12+1.31mm and 6.12+1.31mm, respectively. Buccal bone width was wider in males than females, but the difference was significant only at the midpoint (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the dimensions of the width and length of the NPC with respect to gender. No significant differences were observed with respect to age. Key Words: Cone beam computed tomography, Nasopalatine canal, Pakistani population.

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The flow structure around the bed, especially in gravel layer, is very important and needs to be clarified because the detailed topography of the bed exerts a significant influence on generation and dissipation of turbulent energy. A lot of channel hydraulics has considered smooth bed conditions but there are still many unsolved problems awaiting clarification for gravel bed rivers. This study investigates how the turbulence characteristics i.e. vertical distribution of longitudinal velocity, Reynolds stress distribution and effect of boundary layer development on velocity distribution can differ in a shallow gravel bed river with high effective roughness height when bed conditions change. The flume experiments using particle image velocimetry (PIV) were performed with varying surface roughness elements spacing and results were compared with the frictional resistance, mixing length and constant mixing length theories, which allow studying vertical components of velocity in the flow.