Aim of the Study:This study aimed to compare the different adiposity parameters, namely visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) between patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls. In addition, it aimed to correlate these adiposity indices with hormonal parameters as well as cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in patients with PCOS.Materials and Methods:Newly diagnosed PCOS patients of reproductive age group according to Rotterdam criteria were included. Age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy females with normal menstrual cycles were taken as controls. All the study participants underwent detailed clinical, biochemical, and hormonal evaluation. Transabdominal ultrasound (US) was performed for detailed ovary imaging and assessment of adiposity (SAT and VAT) parameters.Results:A total of 58 PCOS patients and 40 age- and BMI-matched controls were included. PCOS patients had significantly higher levels of androgens (P < 0.001), elevated highly sensitive C-reactive protein (P = 0.007), and higher degree of insulin resistance (P < 0.001) than controls. PCOS patients had a mean SAT of 2.37 ± 0.7 cm and mean VAT of 8.65 ± 1.78 cm. These parameters were significantly higher than controls who had a mean SAT of 2.01 ± 0.7 cm (P = 0.014) and mean VAT of 7.4 ± 1.89 cm (P = 0.003), despite both groups having similar BMI. Among PCOS cohort, VAT correlated positively with total testosterone (r = 0.295, P = 0.025) and negatively with dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (r = −0.210, P = 0.114). However, no significant correlation was observed between SAT and androgens in PCOS group.Conclusion:PCOS patients, whether obese or nonobese, had elevated visceral adiposity than controls. VAT correlated positively with adverse CV risk factors and testosterone in PCOS patients. Hence, a simple and inexpensive ultrasonography screening of visceral fat may identify women who have adverse metabolic profile and enhanced CV risk.

Injections of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or cortisol increased pituitary prolactin content and initiated mammary secretion in rats ( 1). Progesterone (2) and cortisol ( 3 ) retarded mammary involution in postpartum rats after litter removal. Administration of androgen (4) or progesterone ( 5 ) also induced pseudopregnancy in rats. These observations indicate that these 3 steroids ca.n induce pituitary prolactin release in rats.Nicoll and Meites ( 6 ) reported that estradiol can directly stimulate pituitary prolactin release in vitro, whereas progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol had no effect on pituitary prolactin release in vitro. They suggested that progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol may stimulate pituitary prolactin secretion in vivo by acting on the hypothalamus or through other mechanisms.The primary influence of the cen1tra.l nervous system (CKS) on prolactin secretion is inhibitory, and the presence of a prolactin-~ ~ ~~ ~ * This study was supported in part by NIH grant t Published with approval of Director of Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station as journal article No. 4170.. inhilbiting factor (PIF) in acid extracts of rat hypothalami has been demonstrated ( 7 ) . Several agents such as estrogen ( 8 ) , reserpine ( 9 ) epinephrine ( l o ) , acetyloholine ( lo), and Envoid ( 1 1 ) were shown to reduce P I F content in the rat hypothalamus and presumably thereby to promote prolactin secretion. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol on hypothalamic content of PIF, on pituitary prolactin concentration and on the mammary glands of ovariectomized female rats.MateriaZs and Methods. Mature female Sprague-Dawley rats (Spartan Animal Farms, Inc., Haslett, Mich.) averaging about 170-190 , o ; m were used for all steroid injections. They were housed in a temperature (75 t 1°F) and light (14 hours/day) controlled room. The diet consisted of Wayne Lab Blox pellets (Allied Jlills. Inc., Chicago, Ill.). Pituitary donors for incubations were adult m t u r e male rats of the Sitme strain, weighing 220-250 gm each.All rats were ovariectomized and injected subcutaneously once daily with a steroid 1-2 weeks later. Progesterone (P) was given in a daily dose of 10 mg in 0.2 ml of corn at UNIV CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO on June 12, 2015 ebm.sagepub.com Downloaded from

AMFR expression predicts an unfavourable surgical outcome in patients with stage I pulmonary adenocarcinomas.

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