Background Infertility is a global health problem that represents an increasing trend due to new lifestyles following technological advances since individuals are facing more risk factors than before. The present systematic review study aimed to investigate the impact of environmental and occupational factors on reproductive parameters and increased risk of couple infertility. Main body Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Web of Science databases were searched for the available observational (i.e., cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) systematic review, meta-analysis, and clinical trial studies between 2007 and 2019. To this end, keywords such as ‘Environmental exposure’, ‘Occupational exposure’, ‘Environmental pollutants’, ‘Environmental pollution’, ‘Couple infertility’, ‘Sterility’, and ‘Sub-fertility’ were used. The retrieved investigations examined the impact of environmental and occupational risk factors on reproductive indices and increased infertility risk. Totally, 66 out of 9519 papers were evaluated after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The reported risk factors in the reviewed studies were heavy metals, cigarette smoking, and exposure to chemicals through consumer goods, urban life, and proximity to main roads. In addition, occupational factors included heavy physical activity, prolonged sitting, exposure to a hot environment, contact with formaldehyde, pesticides, insecticides, mechanical vibration, and contact with ionizing radiation, all of which affected the reproductive parameters. However, some researchers found no significant associations in this regard. Short conclusion In general, individuals with known impairments in reproductive parameters were more exposed to risk factors. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to determine the risk of infertility in the population.

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the complications of circumcision and determine its prevalence in the studied areas. Method: In this study, the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, SID, Web of Science, Magiran were selected to search the total population of observational studies published in Persian and English on the prevalence and circumcision complications in girls. The keywords searched for this purpose were as follows: female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Epidemiologic Methods, Clitorectomies, Female Circumcision, Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy Complications, Prevalence, associated disease, coexistent conditions, and sequels associated with concomitant conditions, and coexistent disease and their Persian equivalent words. Prevalence estimates of all studies were pooled using a random-effects model at a confidence level of 95%. The bias in the published results of the studies and any reporting errors were examined using Begg and Egger’s statistical tests. Out of 3756 studies, 45 articles were included in the study after excluding irrelevant and repetitive articles. Results: After reviewing the articles in this field, it was determined that female genital mutilation has sexual complications, problems during childbirth, physical and psychological complications. The prevalence of female genital circumcision in world and Iran in the study areas was obtained using the random effect model was estimated to be 61% (95%, CI = 0.49, 0.73) and 61% (95%, CI = 0.52, 0.70), respectively. In other areas, the prevalence was reported to be close to zero. In total among different countries of world in the study area, Of the 207,709 participants surveyed, 110,596 had undergone female genital circumcision (110,596 of 207,709). Conclusion: The effects of female genital mutilation on girls are high and require government intervention in various countries.

Background: Infertility and its mental, social, and economic issues endanger the couples' lives. Adverse quality of life style is a threat to the reproductive health and can lead to infertility problems Objective: The present systematic review study was conducted to investigate the impact of adverse quality of lifestyle on increased risks of infertility. Method: After selecting electronic databases, namely Scopus, Pub Med, SID, and Web of Science, we searched the total population of available and published observational studies [cohort, case-control and cross-sectional]in Persian and English, examining the impact of lifestyle on reproductive and infertility parameters. The employed keywords were Infertility, Sub-fertility, Male Infertility, Female Infertility, Couple Infertility, Lifestyle, and Quality of life and their equivalent Persian words from 2007 to January 2019 regardless of gender. Out of 1211 studies, 60 were finally included in the study after excluding unrelated and duplicate papers and animal samples. Results: In the present study, older age, inadequate diet and inadequate nutrient intake, high body mass index and abdominal fat, smoking and alcohol drinking, inadequate physical activity, intense physical activity, stress, and sexual dysfunction affected reproductive indices; however, some researchers did not find any relationship between the foregoing factors and fertility. Conclusion: Individuals with dysfunctions in reproductive indices had more adverse quality of life style indices compared with others, possibly reducing their chances of fertility. However, more studies are required to determine the relationship between lifestyle and infertility.

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Background: In the studies conducted in Iran, the determining role of lifestyle as a multifactorial concept of infertility in infertile Iranian women has rarely been investigated. Objective: to compare the lifestyles of fertile and infertile women in Iran. Method: This case-control study was conducted on 400 women in 2022. The control group includes women aged 18-45 years, with no history of infertility and who had at least one child. The case group includes women whose primary infertility has been diagnosed and confirmed by a gynecologist and who were referred to the infertility ward in the west of Iran for treatment. The Miller-smith lifestyle assessment inventory was used in this study. We applied a significance level of 0.05 using the Stata ver. 14. Results: In multivariable analysis after adjusting for age, BMI, women's education, husband's education, women's Job, age at menarche, and menstrual cycle, the infertile women had higher scores on the Miller-Smith lifestyle questionnaire than fertile women [linear regression coefficient=21.21; 95% confidence interval: 20.56 to 21.86; p<0.001]. Conclusion: The situations of lifestyle components such as time of rest, attending club and social activities, physical activity, recreation, having close friends, and religious beliefs were better in fertile women, as compared to infertile women.