Crohn’ disease (CD) patients are at high risk of postoperative recurrence and new tools for the assessment of disease activity are needed to prevent long-term complications. In these patients, the over-production of ROS generated by inflamed bowel tissue and inflammatory cells activates a pathogenic cascade that further exacerbates inflammation and leads to increased oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. We measured the products of protein/lipid oxidation and the total antioxidant capacity (ferric reducing ability of plasma, FRAP) in the serum of CD patients with severe disease activity requiring surgery with the aim to characterize their redox status and identify associations between oxidative stress-related markers and their clinical characteristics. At the systemic level, CD was associated with increased levels of protein and lipid oxidation products when compared to healthy volunteers, even though the FRAP values were similar. Advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels showed the highest difference between patients and the controls (11.25, 5.02–15.15, vs. 1.36, 0.75–2.70, median, interquartile range; p < 0.0001) and the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, indicated for AOPP, the best area under the curve (AUC) value for CD prediction. Advanced glycated end-products (AGEs) were also significantly higher in CD patients (p < 0.01), which is of interest since AOPP and AGEs are both able to activate the membrane receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) involved in inflammatory diseases. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were significantly higher in CD patients with ileal localization and aggressive disease behavior, in smokers, and in patients suffering from allergies. In conclusion, our data indicate that circulating oxidative stress biomarkers may be attractive candidates as disease predictors as well as for clinical or therapeutic monitoring of CD. Our results also suggest that AOPP/AGEs and RAGE signaling may represent a pathogenic factor and a potential therapeutic target in CD.

Despite the recent advances, the clinical approach to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) still represents an important challenge for neonatologists. The care of newborns with PPHN requires meticulous therapeutic and ventilation strategies including, besides the stabilization of the newborn, the use of nitric oxide and high-frequency ventilation. However, not all the neonates with PPHH are responsive to this clinical approach. Recent studies have proposed the use of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, in refractory forms of PPHN. The aim of this study is to review the cases and the clinical approach of PPHN in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Meyer Children Hospital in the year 2009 and to discuss the possible role of sildenafil in the management of PPHN.

Several international guidelines recommend a peri-operative immunonutrition (IN) support for patients care in elective colorectal surgery, to reduce postoperative complications, particularly infections. In Crohn’s patients, is also used to mitigate the severity of the disease. We performed a pilot study on 16 Crohn’s patients undergoing intestinal surgery for active disease, not responsive to pharmacological treatment; half of them received an oral nutritional supplement enriched with immunonutrients (IN patients) for 7 days prior to surgery, in addition to normal food intake. Markers of oxidative stress (Advanced Glycated End-products (AGEs) and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) were measured both in plasma and tissue samples wherein the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) and Tight Junction Protein 1 (TJP1) gene expression were also determined. Plasma AGEs were significantly and positively correlated with tissue levels of AGEs (p = 0.0354) and AOPPs (p = 0.0043) while they were negatively correlated with TJP1 expression (p = 0.0159). The expression of RAGE was also negatively correlated with that of TJP1 gene (p = 0.0146). IN patients exhibited significantly lower AGEs plasma levels (p = 0.0321) and a higher mucosal TJP1 expression (p = 0.0182). No patient had postoperative complications and the length of hospital stay was similar in the two groups, but IN patients, showed a significantly shorter time to resume fluid and solid diet. These preliminary data suggest that IN might support patient’s recovery by improving intestinal mucosa barrier function through the regulation of AGEs/RAGE signaling.

In immunocompetent individuals, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is usually mild but may cause severe complications such as retinitis, pneumonitis, and encephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. So far, cases of CMV retinitis in patients with medulloblastoma undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have not been reported. We herein report the case of a pediatric patient with high-risk medulloblastoma who experienced an unexpected CMV retinopathy and leukoencephalopathy following high dose thiotepa and proton irradiation. The patient underwent a four-course induction therapy (1st cycle: methotrexate and vinorelbine; 2nd cycle: etoposide and hematopoietic stem cells apheresis; 3rd cycle: cyclophosphamide and vinorelbine; 4th cycle: carboplatin and vinorelbine) and then a consolidation phase consisting in high dose thiotepa followed by autologous HSC transplant and proton cranio-spinal irradiation plus boost to the primary tumor site and pituitary site with concomitant vinorelbine. After two months of maintenance treatment with lomustine and vinorelbine, the patient showed complete blindness and leukoencephalopathy. A diagnosis of CMV retinopathy was made and oral valganciclovir was administered. CMV retinopathy was judged to be possibly related to the use of high dose thiotepa worsened by radiotherapy. This case report suggests that in pediatric patients undergoing immunosuppressive chemo-radiotherapy, CMV reactivation should be carefully monitored to prevent serious complications such as retinopathy and visual loss.