Annual censuses of the number of harbour seal Phoca vitulina pups born on Sable Island Canada showed an increasing trend during the 1980s, but a rapid decline through the 1990s from 625 pups in 1989 to only 32 by 1997. Weekly surveys of the North Beach of the island during the 1991-98 breeding seasons showed that the number of adults and juveniles also declined during the 1990s. Despite the dramatic demographic changes, maternal postpartum mass, pup birth mass, relative birth mass, lactation duration, pup weaning mass and relative weaning mass showed no significant trends during 1987-96. However, two traits did change. The age structure of parturient females increased significantly, indicating reduced recruitment to the breeding population. Mean birth date increased by 7 days during the early 1990s, suggesting nutritional stress of females and later implantation dates. This nutritional stress may in turn have been caused by increased competition from the rapidly increasing grey seal population on Sable Island. Although minimum estimates of shark-inflicted mortality can account for much of the decline, evidence suggests that food shortage arising from interspecific competition may have also played a role in causing the decline of the population through effects on fecundity and juvenile survival.
Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, on Stellwagen Bank off eastern Massachusetts, U.S.A., apparently bottom feed on northern sand lance, Ammodytes dubius. The feeding behavior is characterized by the whales brushing the bottom in depths of less than 40 m, causing sand lance burrowed in the bottom to be flushed up into the water column. The greatest densities of sand lance were in beds of shells and shell debris, termed "shell hash." The brushing against or along the bottom, particularly in these shell hash areas, caused the humpbacks to acquire abrasions and wounding, sometimes rather extensive, of the lateral lower jaw, and lateral and dorso-lateral upper jaw, here termed "jaw scuffing." Scuffing of the dorsal fin and fluke edges was also common and may be at least partially related to this feeding behavior. Both mature and immature, and male and female, humpbacks exhibited jaw scuffing. The bottom-feeding 464 HelpVolumes Main Menu
We studied maternal effects on offspring traits during lactation in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, from 1988 to 1996. Duration of lactation was correlated with rate of pup mass gain (r = -0.34, n = 116) and weaning mass (r = 0.29, n = 154). Pups that grew faster had shorter nursing periods, whereas those that attained higher weaning masses nursed for a greater number of days. Pup sex did not affect patterns of maternal effects. The pups of young females (4-6 years old) gained mass at a constant but lower rate (0.56 kg/d) than the pups of older females through midlactation (0.74-0.78 kg/d; n = 75). In older females, rates of pup mass gain decelerated between mid and late lactation. Although maternal age did not directly affect weaning mass of pups, path analysis showed that maternal age acted on weaning mass through intermediary traits. Lighter females gave birth to smaller and slower growing pups, but invested relatively more than heavier females (n = 153). Effects of maternal postpartum mass on weaning mass (n = 100) were weaker in harbour seals than in phocids that fast during lactation, but apparently stronger than in otariids that forage during lactation, suggesting that the strength of maternal effects is influenced by lactation strategy.Résumé : Nous avons étudié les effets maternels sur les caractéristiques de la progéniture durant l'allaitement chez le Phoque commun (Phoca vitulina), à l'île des Sables, au large de la Nouvelle-Écosse, de 1988 à 1996. La durée de la période d'allaitement est reliée au taux de gain de masse des petits (r = -0,34, n = 116) et à la masse des petits au moment du sevrage (r = 0,29, n = 154). Les petits qui grossissent plus rapidement ont des périodes d'allaitement plus courtes, alors que ceux qui atteignent une masse importante au sevrage sont allaités pendant une longue période. Le sexe des petits n'affecte pas l'Influence maternelle. Chez les petits nés de mères jeunes (4-6 ans), les gains de masse sont constants, mais moins rapides (0,56 kg/jour) que chez les petits nés de mères plus âgées jusqu'au milieu de la période d'allaitement (0,74-0,78 kg/jour; n = 75). Chez ces derniers, les taux de croissance en masse diminuent entre le milieu et la fin de la période d'allaitement. Bien que l'âge de la mère n'affecte pas directement la masse des petits au moment du sevrage, une analyse des pistes causales démontre que l'âge de la mère influence la masse au sevrage via des caractères intermédiaires. Les femelles moins lourdes donnent naissance à des petits moins gros, à croissance plus lente, mais elles investissent relativement plus que les femelles plus lourdes (n = 153). Les effets de la masse de la mère après la mise bas sur la masse des petits au moment du sevrage (n = 100) sont plus faibles chez ce phoque que chez les phocidés qui jeûnent pendant l'allaitement, mais, semble-t-il, plus importants que ceux des otariidés qui continuent de chercher leur nourriture durant l'allaitement, ce qui indique que l'impact des effets maternels est influencé par...
We studied maternal effects on offspring traits during lactation in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, from 1988 to 1996. Duration of lactation was correlated with rate of pup mass gain (r = -0.34, n = 116) and weaning mass (r = 0.29, n = 154). Pups that grew faster had shorter nursing periods, whereas those that attained higher weaning masses nursed for a greater number of days. Pup sex did not affect patterns of maternal effects. The pups of young females (4-6 years old) gained mass at a constant but lower rate (0.56 kg/d) than the pups of older females through midlactation (0.74-0.78 kg/d; n = 75). In older females, rates of pup mass gain decelerated between mid and late lactation. Although maternal age did not directly affect weaning mass of pups, path analysis showed that maternal age acted on weaning mass through intermediary traits. Lighter females gave birth to smaller and slower growing pups, but invested relatively more than heavier females (n = 153). Effects of maternal postpartum mass on weaning mass (n = 100) were weaker in harbour seals than in phocids that fast during lactation, but apparently stronger than in otariids that forage during lactation, suggesting that the strength of maternal effects is influenced by lactation strategy.Résumé : Nous avons étudié les effets maternels sur les caractéristiques de la progéniture durant l'allaitement chez le Phoque commun (Phoca vitulina), à l'île des Sables, au large de la Nouvelle-Écosse, de 1988 à 1996. La durée de la période d'allaitement est reliée au taux de gain de masse des petits (r = -0,34, n = 116) et à la masse des petits au moment du sevrage (r = 0,29, n = 154). Les petits qui grossissent plus rapidement ont des périodes d'allaitement plus courtes, alors que ceux qui atteignent une masse importante au sevrage sont allaités pendant une longue période. Le sexe des petits n'affecte pas l'Influence maternelle. Chez les petits nés de mères jeunes (4-6 ans), les gains de masse sont constants, mais moins rapides (0,56 kg/jour) que chez les petits nés de mères plus âgées jusqu'au milieu de la période d'allaitement (0,74-0,78 kg/jour; n = 75). Chez ces derniers, les taux de croissance en masse diminuent entre le milieu et la fin de la période d'allaitement. Bien que l'âge de la mère n'affecte pas directement la masse des petits au moment du sevrage, une analyse des pistes causales démontre que l'âge de la mère influence la masse au sevrage via des caractères intermédiaires. Les femelles moins lourdes donnent naissance à des petits moins gros, à croissance plus lente, mais elles investissent relativement plus que les femelles plus lourdes (n = 153). Les effets de la masse de la mère après la mise bas sur la masse des petits au moment du sevrage (n = 100) sont plus faibles chez ce phoque que chez les phocidés qui jeûnent pendant l'allaitement, mais, semble-t-il, plus importants que ceux des otariidés qui continuent de chercher leur nourriture durant l'allaitement, ce qui indique que l'impact des effets maternels est influencé par...
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