A B S T R A C T Objective:The study seeks to analyse the interaction of foreign direct investment, emigration, and immigration before and after the great economic recession. Research Design & Methods:We used the Linear Mixed Model (LMM) to analyse interaction of foreign direct in-vestment (FDI), emigration, and immigration for 112 countries with which Spain has closely interconnected migratory and investment chains, and we focused on the analy-sis of both the pre-crisis 1998-2007 and post-crisis 2008-2016 periods. Findings: The results show that the higher number of immigrants in Spain is related to an overall higher Spanish FDI flows toward the immigrants' origin countries. This relation between migration and FDI might be sustained in the long run as opposed to what was often raised in classical approaches. In fact, migration and FDI act like two sides of the same coin. Implications & Recommendations: Based on our results, we propose more proactive migration policies that support inte-gration in host countries, migrants' return to home countries, and also trade agree-ments as an instrument that endorses selective FDI flow to more productive and criti-cal sectors in home countries. Moreover, our results show that lower FDI is usually associated with a higher volume of emigration from Spain. Contribution & Value Added: In a sense, FDI and migration may be considered a risk aversion strategy. Article type:research paper

The importance of trade and migration flows has become pivotal in times of frequent global crises. This paper analyzes how migration and other vital economic factors explain international trade. The methodology that is subject of our study consists of a panel data analysis of trade processes measured by export from Spain and import to Spain for 90 countries and covers the period 1998-2015 with respect to immigration and other economic variables. The results show that immigration influences international trade for both sending and receiving countries. On a more detailed level, an increase of the number of immigrants [in Spain] by one per cent results in a growth of Export [from that country] by 0.3 per cent and to a rise of Import [to that country] by 0.303 per cent, respectively. Similarly, the results confirm the measure of the "number of annual hours worked" as an excellent indicator to depict the role of employment in the most recent economic changes and developments [outlook]. We also find an indirect evidence that labour productivity is relevant for international trade what supports the existence of the "Say's Law" in terms of Immigration processes. Besides, our paper shows how labour-intensive countries' environment favors export [from Spain], and by contrast, capital-intensive countries' environment facilitates import [to Spain]. Finally, the results add empirical evidence showing how the lack of technological infrastructure plays the role of a non-tariff trade barrier, whereas the membership in an integrated economic area such as EU reduces trade costs, providing incentives for exporters and importers of any particular country.

Productivity is crucial for economic growth. In a time of challenges such as the population ageing, a growing migration flows and slowdown of the economy it is very important to know the impact of migrant workers in productivity and development. Therefore, this paper studies relevant migration theories and the evolution of migration flows, productivity and their effect on economic growth. We analyse the contribution of immigrants’ workers to productivity, to the employment rate and to the demography of Spain in the last 10 years, a country where the last crisis deeply changes the migration patterns and economic conditions. The results show that, in this case, the impact of immigration on the level of development was small but positive.

Este artículo sintetiza diversos hallazgos obtenidos en un estudio realizado por el Grupo de Investigación “Estrategia y Negocios Internacionales” de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y financiado por la Sociedad Canaria de Fomento Económico (PROEXCA). El estudio analiza los posibles nexos entre el género de los directivos y la internacionalización empresarial. Tomando una muestra de 153 empresas canarias internacionalizadas (o con potencial para ello), los resultados revelan que, si bien el género del decisor no condiciona el interés de la empresa por internacionalizarse, la mayor proporción de mujeres en el equipo directivo sí incrementa dicha actividad internacional.