Background: Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic disease characterized by intense facial pain caused by trigeminal nerve affectation. Usually affects adults from 50 years of age, being more frequent in women. Additionally, it presents serious psychological effects that often lead to depression, which is why it is considered highly disabling. The therapeutic approach is based on the modification of nerve activity through electrical, surgical or chemical stimulation in specific regions of the nervous system. Objective: To perform a meta-analysis of the scientific literature related to invasive and non-invasive electrical neuromodulation of trigeminal neuralgia, in order to assess their effects over pain and adverse effects. Method: A literature search was conducted in 4 databases, followed by a manual search of articles on invasive or noninvasive electrical neuromodulation to control the pain of trigeminal neuralgia, including the last 15 years. Results: Regarding non-invasive methods, clinical trials did not present enough results in order to perform a meta analysis. Regarding invasive methods, clinical trials meta analysis showed no statistical differences between different treatment methods. In all cases, improvements in patients' pain were reported, although results about adverse effects were variable. Conclusion: In the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, the continuous radiofrequency provides better short and medium-term results, but pulsed radiofrequency shows less adverse effects after treatment, and has better results in the long-term.

This study aimed to assess the 3D kinematic pattern of the pelvis during running and establish differences between sexes using the IMU sensor for spatiotemporal outcomes, vertical acceleration symmetry index, and ranges of motion of the pelvis in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes of movement. The kinematic range in males was 5.92°–6.50°, according to tilt. The range of obliquity was between 7.84° and 9.27° and between 9.69° and 13.60°, according to pelvic rotation. In females, the results were 6.26°–7.36°, 7.81°–9.64°, and 13.2°–16.13°, respectively. Stride length increased proportionally to speed in males and females. The reliability of the inertial sensor according to tilt and gait symmetry showed good results, and the reliability levels were excellent for cadence parameters, stride length, stride time, obliquity, and pelvic rotation. The amplitude of pelvic tilt did not change at different speed levels between sexes. The range of pelvic obliquity increased in females at a medium speed level, and the pelvic rotation range increased during running, according to speed and sex. The inertial sensor has been proven to be a reliable tool for kinematic analysis during running.

Background and objectivesRunning has gone from a vital necessity for the man to a playful sport. Different rheumatic and orthopedic pathologies have appeared, in front of which the shoe industry has reacted by creating reinforced shoes that are supposed to overcome the induced lesions. Several years later, the trend toward reinforcement has gone toward minimalism, which is the absence of reinforcement, that is, a more natural race.MethodWe observed variations of kinetics and kinematics in young, unprofessional, healthy runners during a shoe race and a shoeless race, which is the form of maximum minimalism. We then correlated minimalism variations with the variables of the race and the joint angles.ResultsWe observed significant difference (P < 0.01) in the cycle rate, the cycle length, the step rate, and the angle of attack between running with and without shoes. A small variation of the minimalism index is associated with an increase in knee angle (r2> 0.5). Conversely, a large variation in the minimalism index is related to a decrease in the knee angle (r2> 0.5). The minimalism index has no impact on the angulation of the ankle and hip (r2< 0.3).ConclusionSlow transition will bring gains in terms of decreasing the length of the stride, which limits the load on the shin. Greater flexibility can be achieved by decreasing the flexion angle of the knee, which decreases the demand for quadriceps muscles and the risk of knee injury with a greater risk of injury at the tibial level.

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IntroductionSome patients with rotator cuff injuries do not report significant changes in pain-related outcomes. Pain self-efficacy, which is commonly assessed using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, may contribute toward this outcome. However, a Spanish adaptation of this questionnaire is currently lacking. Therefore, this study’s purpose was developing the Spanish version of this questionnaire, and assess its psychometric properties.MethodsThe Spanish version of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted, and a sample of 107 patients with rotator cuff injuries completed the questionnaire to examine its convergent validity (analyzing its correlation with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), its test–retest reliability, for which a subset of 40 participants completed again the questionnaire, and its internal consistency.ResultsTranslation was conducted without any problems, and 107 participants completed the study. Mean scores for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were 45.2 points (standard deviation, 11.4). The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire showed a moderate negative correlation with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (Pearson’s correlation index r = −0.48) supporting its convergent validity. High test–retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.90) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α value of 0.92) were also found.DiscussionThe Spanish version of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire presents high validity, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency to assess pain self-efficacy in patients suffering rotator cuff injuries in Spanish-speaking settings.