Lupus nephritis (LN) develops as a result of immunological abnormalities. The pathogenesis of LN is a complex process, involving the deposition of autoantibodies in the glomerulus. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is widely accepted as the best overall measure of kidney function, enabling a statement of the complex functions of the kidney in a single numeric expression. The endogenous marker of GFR commonly employed is creatinine, but it does not complete the requirements of an ideal marker because apart from being subjected to tubular secretion it is also influenced by the muscle mass and gender of the patient. Cystatin C is a protein produced by all nucleated cells in the body, freely filtered by glomerulus; neither returned to the bloodstream nor secreted by the renal tubules and also is not influenced by gender or muscle mass. The above features make it a better marker of renal function than creatinine. The medical therapy for LN depends on the severity of the disease. Finding reliable biomarkers for LN will help to evaluate disease activity, identify patients at risk for kidney damage, and facilitate early diagnosis and intervention to improve favorable outcomes.

Background For the evaluation of total cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD; renal), the amount of protein in the urine has to be considered an important factor. For reducing proteinuria level and lowering the risk of renal, cardiovascular endpoint, this may become a crucial decision. Materials and Methods This is a case-control study of the stage 5 CKD female patients recruited over 2 months in 2017, based on clinical and laboratory investigation. CKD was diagnosed on serum creatinine levels and stage 5 CKD depending on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculation. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was diagnosed on clinical history, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiogram. Results This study was conducted on 50 patients at the authors’ hospital. Out of these, 25 were cases and 25 constituted controls. Out of 25 controls, 13 had microalbuminuria and 12 had proteinuria and no cardiovascular disease. Out of 25 cases, 2 cases had microalbuminuria and 23 had proteinuria. More number of CKD with CAD group had proteinuria than CKD without CAD, which was statistically highly significant (p < 0.000). CKD patients with CAD had higher degree of proteinuria than those without CAD, which was statistically significant (p < 0.005). Conclusion This study showed that proteinuria and its cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients are correlated. For detection of CAD in CKD patients, proteinuria levels may be crucial regarding the treatment decision.