➢ Psoas abscess is a rare condition with variable presentations that may mimic many other medical diagnoses.➢ A wide variety of underlying medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of the development of a psoas abscess.➢ Mortality rates can be as high as 100% if psoas abscess is undiagnosed and untreated.➢ The classic triad of pain (hip, abdominal, or back), fever, and limp should prompt the clinician to consider psoas abscess in the differential diagnosis.➢ Timely evaluation, including laboratory and imaging studies, may substantially increase the ability of patients with psoas abscess to survive.

There is a wide range of traumatic elbow injuries that require prompt recognition and management. Fractures of the elbow are common in children; however, because of the complexity of radiographic evaluation in skeletally immature patients, diagnosis of pathology may be missed or misinterpreted, leading to delay in treatment and complications. Careful history and thorough physical examination and utilization of a systematic approach to radiographic evaluation will reduce the chance of a delayed or missed diagnosis. This article will provide an overview of 5 pediatric elbow injuries not to miss, including potential complications and unique considerations for each fracture type to avoid common pitfalls.

Clinicians, including practitioners in primary care and across numerous specialties, are essential to the interpretation of imaging for correlating clinical presentation with fracture identifi cation on plain radiographs. A comprehensive review of radiographs lets clinicians document fi ndings accurately and communicate these fi ndings to colleagues, specialists, and patients. This article reviews fracture terminology that clinicians need to provide better understanding of the injury and direct appropriate management.

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Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is necessary for calcium absorption and bone health. Current research on vitamin D levels links decreased vitamin D synthesis with children spending less time in the sun and increasing sunscreen use. At least 14% of children in the United States have an insufficient or deficient level of vitamin D. The risks of vitamin D deficiency include rickets and osteomalacia. Suboptimal levels of vitamin D in adolescents lead to an increase risk of fractures. Vitamin D guidelines vary, and recommendations are controversial. In general, the current literature supports vitamin D supplementation for children and adolescents to improve overall bone health.