Can online tools address gender bias in classics? Through two case studies, this article explores the use of crowd-sourcing in order to develop digital tools that amplify women and provide them with a firmer online identity. The first, Wikipedia.org, is already entrenched in the popular research realm, and the second, WOAH (Women of Ancient History), is currently being developed as a reference tool. Wikipedia.org is the most influential source of knowledge in the world, but it has a stubborn gender bias against women. This distortion is particularly evident in the field of classics, where prior to 2017 only 7% of biographies of classicists featured women. Here, ‘classics’ is an inclusive term, and is broadly conceived to include the field of Late Antiquity. This short article details how the Women's Classical Committee (UK)'s Wikipedia editing initiative, #WCCWiki, and the development of WOAH, have successfully increased the visibility of women online. Consequently, it offers a model to mobilize change with few physical or financial resources, but rather facilitated by digital tools and social media. Through digital feminist activism, there is the potential to reverse the gender skew of classicists online and in the public discourse, while also creating an inclusive space that is professional, proactive, and accessible to all.

This paper investigates the application of the legal stigma of infamia (disrepute) in Late Antiquity. The legal status is used as a lens through which to view the changing systemic, religious, and social landscapes between the reigns of Diocletian and Justinian, indicating the various uses and, ultimately, abuses of the status, as well as the marked consequences of expanding its definition. The use of the legal status to marginalize religious deviants in particular is inspected. This analysis reveals that the amendment of infamia to include heretics, apostates, and pagans signals the use of classical law to define orthodoxy and to articulate the anxiety over the pagan-Christian religious transition. The unforeseen consequences of infamia's expansion were the abetment of violence in the fourth and fifth centuries. Moreover, the disqualification of religious deviants from serving on curial councils had a noticeable impact on some municipalities in the later empire, and may have created a loophole with which to avoid curial service altogether.

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The purpose of the study was to explore attitudes of educators in the United Arab Emirates toward gifted education and twice-exceptional students. One thousand and seventy-five educators (81% general education teachers and 19% teachers of the gifted) participated in this study. Data were collected using an online dual-language survey instrument, which was distributed using the Qualtrics system. Findings of this study indicated that Abu Dhabi teachers have positive attitudes toward gifted education and twice-exceptional students. No significant differences were found in scores for general educators as compared to those for teachers of the gifted. The findings also indicated that Abu Dhabi educators who had no experience of teaching gifted children had a more positive attitude toward them than those who had experience.

the orator navigates a scenario where he, as the emperor's condant and former teacher, has close access to his subject's private world. This is followed by Roger Rees' analysis of the interplay between two texts addressed to Theodosius, Ambrose's letter on the Callinicum riot (Ep. 74) and Pacatus' panegyric, both of which use the unusual tag libertas dicendi, 'freedom of speech'. This discussion complements the book's wider ndings of the agency of imperial representation nicely: authors with disparate agendas projecting models of emperorship onto a living ruler, conscious that they are addressing the emperor but also his subjects, and actively shaping concepts of authority. Finally, Álvaro Sánchez-Ostiz analyses how the poet Claudian situated the half-Vandal Stilicho within rhetorical stereotypes of Roman-ness in his panegyric on Stilicho's third consulship in 400. This consideration of a gure who was in close proximity to imperial power but never actually an emperor provides a tting conclusion for a volume concerned with blurred and conicting images.Imagining Emperors is an attractive book and includes well-placed colour images, most of which are of excellent quality. The introduction reads as a little rushed and under-referenced in comparison to the chapters, and some of the contributions have a few unfortunate typos. It is a relatively accessible volume. The authors do an excellent job of explaining the often complicated political context, but some of the chapters include excerpts of untranslated text. At twelve male contributions to two female, the gender balance is notably poor (see, however, the preface for a more diverse picture of the original conference and wider editorial process). Individually the chapters are thought-provoking and original. Together they form a coherent whole, offering a valuable shift in emphasis that places panegyric and the 'representational turn' at the centre of our understanding of later Roman emperorship.