The two current major staging systems in use for Lewy body disorders fail to classify up to 50% of subjects. Both systems do not allow for large numbers of subjects who have Lewy-type α-synucleinopathy (LTS) confined to the olfactory bulb or who pass through a limbic-predominant pathway that at least initially bypasses the brainstem. The results of the current study, based on examination of a standard set of 10 brain regions from 417 subjects stained immunohistochemically for α-synuclein, suggest a new staging system that, in this study, allows for the classification of all subjects with Lewy body disorders. The autopsied subjects included elderly subjects with Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, incidental Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease with Lewy bodies, as well as comparison groups without Lewy bodies. All subjects were classifiable into one of the following stages: I. Olfactory Bulb Only; IIa Brainstem Predominant; IIb Limbic Predominant; III Brainstem and Limbic; IV Neocortical. Progression of subjects through these stages was accompanied by a generally stepwise worsening in terms of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase concentration, substantia nigra pigmented neuron loss score, Mini Mental State Examination score and score on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part 3. Additionally there were significant correlations between these measures and LTS density scores. It is suggested that the proposed staging system would improve on its predecessors by allowing classification of a much greater proportion of cases. KeywordsParkinson's disease; parkinsonism; dementia with Lewy bodies; Alzheimer's disease; incidental Lewy bodies; α-synuclein; olfactory bulb; amgydala; limbic; brainstem; neocortex NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIt has been almost two centuries since the first description (73,74) of Parkinson's disease (PD) and almost one century since the subsequent discovery of its characteristic microscopic lesion, the Lewy body (61,47,82). The intervening years have provided a wealth of detail on its clinical manifestations and pathology. The presenting syndromes are dementia, motor parkinsonism or both. Since Kosaka's delineation of "diffuse Lewy body disease" associated with dementia in 1976(55), followed by the alternative concepts of "senile dementia of the Lewy body type" (78) and "Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease" (41), those presenting with dementia are now termed dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the definition of which has undergone two major iterations (66,67). In both PD and DLB, aggregation, phosphorylation and nitration of α-synuclein, an abundant synaptic protein, have been suggested to be critical processes leading to Lewy body formation and clinical symptomatology (36,80,28,39,4) .Investigations that have mapped the topographical distribution and density of Lewy bodies and their associated abnormal neurites have indicated that these are spread much more widely throughout the neuraxis than formerly appreciated (22,2...

This article has an accompanying continuing medical education activity, also eligible for MOC credit, on page e9. Learning Objective-Upon completion of this activity, successful learners will be able to list risk factors for postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease; list appropriate strategies to evaluate for early disease recurrence following surgery for Crohn's disease; and outline treatment options to reduce risk of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease, and strategies if early recurrence is identified. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Different types of histologic lesions at the ileal margin, detected by histology, have been associated with increased rates of recurrence after ileocaecal surgery in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to characterize histologic features of the ileal margin and to evaluate their association with disease recurrence. METHODS: We collected histologic data from 211 patients with ileal or ileocolonic CD who underwent ileocolonic resections at hospitals in France from September 2010 through December 2016. Ileal margins were analyzed. Early endoscopic recurrence was defined by a Rutgeerts score of i2 or more, 6 months after surgery. We also collected data from 10 adults with healthy ileum who underwent ileocecal resection for colonic tumors (controls). Clinical relapse was defined by CD-related symptoms confirmed by imaging, endoscopy, therapy intensification, CD-related complication, or subsequent surgery. RESULTS: Six months after surgery, 49% of patients had endoscopic recurrence; 5 years after surgery, 57% of patients had clinical relapse. Ileal margins were macroscopically affected in 20.9% of patients. CD transmural lesions at the margin (defined by mucosal ulceration or cryptitis, submucosal fibrosis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of the subserosa) were observed in 13.6% of patients. Endoscopic recurrence was observed in 75% of patients with CD transmural lesions vs 46% of patients without (P [.005). In multivariate analysis, CD transmural lesions at the margin were independently associated with early endoscopic recurrence (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.47-11.05; P [.008) and clinical recurrence (OR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.09-3.99; P [.026). CONCLUSION: In patients with CD, transmural lesions at the ileal margin were associated with an increased risk of post-operative recurrence. Histologic features of the ileal margin should be included in making decisions about post-operative therapy.

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PréambuleNous ne traiterons dans ce chapitre que le cas des nourrissons et enfants admis en réanimation médico-chirurgicale, en excluant notamment les nouveau-nés prématurés. Les mesures applicables à tout malade hospitalisé indé-pendamment de son âge (par exemple, usage des solutions hydro-alcooliques, isolement par confi nement des germes à potentiel épidémique) ne seront pas abordées dans leurs aspects, hors spécifi cités pédiatriques.V. Laudenbach ( ), Unité fonctionnelle de réanimation pédiatrique, service de pédiatrie néonatale et réanimation,

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