Despite the shrinking of the gender wage gap, women with children continue to experience earnings and career disadvantages that women without children do not experience. This review first summarizes how the severity of the "motherhood penalty" is influenced by a woman's marital status and class in ways that perpetuate existing inequalities. Next, it outlines how the same factors also play salient roles in determining women's workforce behaviors upon transitioning to motherhood, largely dictating the extent to which women's earnings and careers are negatively impacted by the arrival of children. After establishing the stratified lines upon which mothers' decisions are made, and the disparate financial ramifications of their decisions, the paper concludes with a call for future research into the mechanisms that propel mothers' labor market decisions.

Background: Since 2015 the rate of healthcare facility-onset Clostridium difficile infections (HO CDI) at Faxton-St Luke’s Healthcare (FSLH) has remained higher than both New York state and federal benchmarks, despite the use of traditional prevention efforts. Methods: We used the define-measure-analyze-improve-control (DMAIC) process improvement model to better understand the reasons that our rates remained high and to develop a comprehensive reduction strategy.•Define: High HO CDI rates. NHSN SIR consistently above 1.0•Measure•Diagnostic stewardship. Are patients being tested appropriately?•Antibiotic stewardship: Do prescribing practices follow best-practice recommendations?•Environmental cleanliness: Are staff following standard and transmission based precautions? How effective are current cleaning practices? What is being done to limit contamination of the environment of care?•Perform a gap analysis of CDI prevention strategies at FSLH vs current best practice recommendations, emerging strategies in scientific literature and successful approaches at other health-care facilities.•Analyze•Staff do not have a clear understanding of symptoms and risk factors of CDI and often initiate testing inappropriately.•Overuse of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. No antibiotic time outs. Limited Pharmacy staff available for auditing and feedback regarding prescribing practices.•UV disinfection system under-utilized. Shared patient care equipment not cleaned between uses. Delay in implementation of contact precautions. Lack of opportunities for patient hand hygiene.•Improve•Algorithms for screening and testing built into Electronic Medical Record Orders for testing coupled with orders for contact precautions•Align antimicrobial prescribing with best practice•Audit and reward compliance with UV light utilization, environmental cleaning Reduce shared patient care equipment, replace with disposable items•Provide products for patient hand hygiene•Implement marketing campaign to tie elements together•Control•Audit compliance with testing and isolation policies•Laboratory rejection of formed stools•Audit cleaning processes with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitor•Track ultraviolet light usageFunding: NoneDisclosures: None

Objective This study uses a life course perspective to investigate Black–White disparities in how nuclear family structures (i.e., parents' romantic union statuses and coresidential arrangements with children) are linked with postsecondary financial transfers. Background In the United States, both parents' nuclear family experiences and postsecondary transfers are stratified along racial lines. Prior research suggests that racial disparities in nuclear family experiences, however, are not key drivers of the gap in parental postsecondary transfers. The small role that nuclear family structure plays in shaping the Black–White gap in postsecondary transfers may result from heterogeneity in the consequences of such structures across racial groups, though this heterogeneity remains untested. Method Using the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (https://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/) and sequence analysis techniques, this study documents seven common family trajectories experienced by American parents (N = 7289). It employs two‐part models to assess whether the association between parents' trajectories and the likelihood/magnitude of postsecondary transfers differs for Black and White parents. Results Results suggest that White parents who are continuously in two‐biological‐parent families or who experience long‐term re‐partnering are more likely to make postsecondary transfers than Black parents in similar family trajectories. These racial disparities, however, disappear when parents experience trajectories marked by singlehood or nonresidence with children. Conclusions Nuclear family structures matter less for structuring transfers for Black parents in part because gains from romantic partnerships are concentrated among Whites. Implications for reproductions of racial inequalities are discussed.

Although women’s employment patterns are influenced by both the presence of children and the presence of a disability, these distinct statuses have largely been explored in isolation from each other. This research employed in-depth interviews with 32 current and former disability benefit recipients to explore the ways children shape the labor market decisions and behaviors of mothers with disabilities. Motherhood served as both a motivation for and a constraint to pursuing employment, with mothers operating under distinct cost–benefit frameworks shaped by their responsibility for children. The report concludes with recommendations for programs and policies that could most effectively facilitate labor market reengagement among a subpopulation of mothers who both want to and need to work but who face unique child-related constraints to employment opportunities.

The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology has made tremendous improvements to their annual meeting in an effort to promote inclusivity, diversity, and accessibility to all scientists. However, within academia as an institution overall, many scientists face personal challenges that directly compete with the rigorous culture considered a requirement for success as an academic. Among these challenges is balancing parenthood with academic responsibilities, such as conference attendance and productivity. Herein we present a report of the survey administered to the members of SICB and from discussion held during the Parenting through Academia workshop at the 2020 annual meeting. We hope that this information brings to the Society an opportunity for open collegial discussion, mentorship, and community building, and sheds light on new strategies that could be undertaken to support not only parents, but SICB membership as a whole.