Based on the results and methodologies of published studies, this review concludes that NF for pediatric ADHD can be currently considered as "probably efficacious."

Background/Objectives Preparing for a definitive randomized clinical trial (RCT) of neurofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this pilot trial explored feasibility of a double-blind, sham-controlled design and adherence/palatability/relative effect of 2 vs. 3 treatments/week. Method Unmedicated 6-12 year-olds with DSM-IV ADHD were randomized to active NF vs. sham NF and to 2X vs. 3X/week treatment frequency. Frequency switch was allowed after treatment 24. Results In two school years 39 participants were recruited; 34 (87%) completed all 40 treatments. Child/parent guesses about assigned treatment were no better than chance. At treatment 24, 38% chose 2X/wk; 62% chose 3X/wk. Both active NF and sham yielded large pre-post improvement on parent ratings, but NF no more than sham. Conclusions Blinding appears to work and sham does not prevent recruitment/retention. Treatment frequency of 3X/wk seems preferred over 2X/wk and was as effective. A large double-blind RCT is feasible and necessary to test specific NF effectiveness.

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