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Background and Purpose-We have developed a dynamic CT method to measure absolute cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT). In this study we evaluated the ability of CT-derived functional maps to detect infarction in a rabbit model of focal cerebral ischemia. Methods-Sequential dynamic CT studies were performed at 2 different slices in 5 control rabbits and another 8 after induction of focal cerebral ischemia. The size of critically ischemic tissue was correlated to size of infarction measured by postmortem 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In the control rabbits, short-term variability of the parameters was assessed by ANOVA analysis. Results-In 7 of 8 animals of the ischemia group, cerebral infarction was visible on 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, constituting 16.7Ϯ10.6% of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Good agreement of CBF functional maps with tissue specimens was found with respect to size and location of infarction. Best prediction of infarction was found for thresholds of CBF Ͻ10 mL/100 g per minute (mean size, 17.5Ϯ13.4%; rϭ0.95) and MTT Ͼ6 seconds (mean size, 15.6Ϯ13.5%; rϭ0.85), with regression slopes close to unity. CBV maps were less predictive of occurrence of infarction, especially in cases of small infarction. The short-term variability of CBF, CBV, and MTT in the control group was 10.9%, 15.2%, and 19.9%, respectively. Conclusions-Functional

To what degree can Western countries “purchase” civic engagement and participation in less developed countries that do not share the Western liberal tradition? Drawing on interview data as well as internal documents, this article looks at the effects of Western and international assistance on building civil society and, hence, democracy in Russia by focusing on the Russian nongovernmental organization (NGO) community. Although Western assistance has provided tangible equipment and training for NGOs, overall funding designed to facilitate the growth of civil society has had unintended consequences. Institutions, interests, and incentive structures impede successful collective action toward building a civic community by encouraging both funders and NGO activists to pursue short-term benefits over long-term development. The result is the creation of patron-client ties between the international donor and the Russian recipient rather than horizontal networks of civic engagement among Russian NGOs and their domestic audience.

Penile cancer is a rare disease with devastating physical and psychological effects on patients. The aim of this review is to update specialist nurses regarding the epidemiology, aetiology and management.