The liver has a complex vascular supply, which involves the inflow of oxygenated blood through the hepatic artery (systemic circulation) and deoxygenated blood through the portal vein (portal circulation), as well as the outflow of deoxygenated blood through the hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava. A spectrum of vascular variants can involve the liver. Some of these variants may result in areas of enhancement that can mimic more serious pathologic conditions. In this article, the authors discuss a spectrum of variants and pathologic conditions that may involve the liver vasculature. These include variants, anomalies, and diseases involving the portal vein, such as rudimentary portal vein, thrombosis, cavernous transformation, thrombotic angiitis, thrombophlebitis, transient hepatic attenuation difference or transient hepatic intensity difference, portal venous aneurysm, and portal vein gas. The hepatic artery can be involved by various diseases, including thrombosis, stenosis, and aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm. Unusual "third inflow" sources of venous inflow are also discussed, including aberrant right gastric vein, aberrant left gastric vein, epigastric-paraumbilical veins, and cholecystic vein. A spectrum of variants and diseases involving the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins, including thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, veno-occlusive disease, stenosis, torsion, congestive hepatopathy, and peliosis hepatis, are discussed. Vascular shunts are illustrated, including portosystemic shunts (intra- and extrahepatic), arterioportal shunt, shunts of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and acquired arteriovenous fistula. Familiarity with the pathogenesis and imaging features of these vascular entities can aid radiologic diagnoses and guide appropriate patient management. RSNA, 2017.

Purpose To retrospectively define the strength of association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular neoplasia in a large geographically diverse pediatric population. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of scrotal ultrasonographic (US) examination reports and pathology specimens obtained between January 2000 and May 2014 at six academic pediatric hospitals in North America was performed. Reported cases were reviewed to confirm microlithiasis. Radiology and pathology data bases were searched for pathology-proven testicular tumors (benign or malignant germ cell or stromal tumors). Association strength (risk) was expressed in terms of odds ratios (ORs) with and without adjustment for fixed study site effects based on logistic regression. Results A total of 37 863 individuals underwent scrotal US during the study period. Mean age was 11.1 years ± 4.7 [standard deviation] in boys with microlithiasis and 9.1 years ± 5.9 in boys without microlithiasis (P < .001). Microlithiasis was confirmed in 2.90% of patients (1097 of 37 863; range, 1.61%-5.25% across sites). It was unilateral in 21.97% (241 of 1097) of patients and bilateral in 78.0% (856 of 1097). Tumor was identified in 4.64% (51 of 1097) of boys with microlithiasis and 0.33% (122 of 36 766) of boys without (unadjusted OR, 14.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.29, 20.84; adjusted OR, 14.19). Malignant germ cell tumors were identified in 2.8% (31 of 1097) of boys with microlithiasis and 0.12% (45 of 36 766) of boys without microlithiasis (unadjusted OR, 17.26; 95% CI: 11.8, 25.25; adjusted OR, 22.37). Sex cord-stromal tumors were identified in 0.46% (five of 1097) of boys with microlithiasis and 0.079% (29 of 36 766) of boys without (unadjusted OR, 5.8; 95% CI: 2.1, 16; adjusted OR, 6.39). Conclusion There is a strong association between testicular microlithiasis and primary testicular neoplasia in this pediatric population. RSNA, 2017.

Cancers of the female genital system, particularly endometrial and ovarian cancers, can be associated with hereditary cancer syndromes such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome. Cancers that are found in the setting of a hereditary cancer syndrome are often unique in presentation, clinical features, and pathologic profiles when compared with sporadic tumors. This article reviews the hereditary cancer syndromes associated with gynecological malignancies, as well as the imaging findings and staging system of endometrial and ovarian cancers. These associations are important for proper patient screening, diagnosis, and treatment.