Background: Current guidelines suggest that family members be consulted in the pain assessment process of patients unable to self-report. However, little is known regarding family members' perceptions of their loved one's pain behaviors and pain management. Aims: This qualitative descriptive study aimed to describe family members' perceptions of pain behaviors and pain management in critically ill hospitalized patients admitted to an intensive care unit and unable to self-report. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was used. This study was conducted in a medicalsurgical intensive care unit in Canada. Family members of nonverbal adult patients participated in a semistructured interview regarding their perceptions of pain behaviors and pain management in the intensive care unit. Results: Ten family members with a nonverbal loved one admitted to the intensive care unit participated. Family members agreed on the presence of pain in the intensive care unit and reported being proactive and applying nonpharmacological interventions to help palliate pain of their loved one. Although family members identified behavioral indicators such as grimace, limb movement, and verbal complaints to assess pain in their loved one, the majority were unsure of their ability to detect pain. Conclusions: Family members have intimate knowledge of their loved one and could be invited to share their perceptions of their loved one's pain when they feel confident to do so. RÉSUMÉ Contexte: Les lignes directrices actuelles suggèrent que les membres de la famille soient consultés lors du processus d'évaluation de la douleur des patients incapables de fournir une auto-évaluation. Toutefois, on sait peu de choses au sujet de perceptions des membres de la famille au sujet des comportements de leur proche relativement à la douleur et à la prise en charge de la douleur. But: Cette étude descriptive qualitative avait pour but de décrire la perception des membres de la famille des comportements relatifs à la douleur et à la prise en charge de la douleur chez des patients en état critique de santé admis dans une unité de soins intensifs et incapables de fournir une auto-évaluation. Méthodes: Un devis descriptif qualitatif a été utilisé. Cette étude a été menée dans une unité de soins intensifs médicale-chirurgicale au Canada. Les membres de la famille de patients adultes non verbaux ont participé à une entrevue semi-structurée concernant leur perception des comportements relatifs à la douleur et à la prise en charge de la douleur à l'unité des soins intensifs. Résultats: Dix membres de famille ayant un proche non verbal admis à l'unité des soins intensifs ont participé. Les membres de famille étaient d'accord pour dire que la douleur était présente dans l'unité des soins intensifs. Ils ont aussi dit être proactifs et appliquer des interventions non pharmacologiques pour aider à soulager la douleur de leur proche. Bien que les membres de la famille ont identifié des indicateurs comportementaux comme une grimace, le mouvement d'un membre ou des plai...
Nineteen subjects successfully completed the study. Follicular sulfotransferase activity, as measured by the sulfotransferase assay (OD), increased for 10 of 19 patients (Table 1). More importantly, subjects predicted to be non-responders to minoxidil (OD < 0.4) had a significant increase in their minoxidil response. Pretreatment, the average OD in the non-responder group was 0.2206 (95% CI: 0.1661-0.2750) compared to posttreatment 0.4946 (95% CI: 0.2036-0.7855) (P < 0.03). None of the subjects presented with any adverse events. Topical minoxidil has been widely used for AGA for decades, and low-dose oral minoxidil is a promising alternative being explored. 10 Unfortunately, many patients do not present significant clinical response or present only mild improvements after using minoxidil. As our previous work demonstrated, one of the main obstacles to clinical response is the low activity of SULT1A1 in the ORS. 4,5 Increasing SULT1A1 activity could be an effective way to improve clinical response to minoxidil. This study demonstrates the ability of a topical booster to increase the activity of SULT1A1 in the ORS of the hair follicle. Increasing the activity of SULT1A1 can improve the efficacy of topical and low-dose oral minoxidil for the treatment of AGA. If proven in clinical trial, the booster could present great clinical importance to patients with AGA, converting minoxidil non-responders to responders.
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