Caesarean-born children may show differences in their gastrointestinal tract microbiome composition, their oral microbiota composition 1,2 and immune and inflammatory responses 3-5 from vaginal-born ones. 3,4 These may be the mechanisms triggering higher future risk of adverse health outcomes such as obesity, 6 asthma, 7 gestational diabetes 8 and cardiovascular diseases. 9 In this respect, it has also been postulated that caesarean delivery may influence the establishment of caries, [10][11][12] since it may interfere in salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels 13 and result in changes in neonate oral bacterial colonization, 1,2 although no convincing evidence supporting the long-term effect of delivery type on oral microbiome perturbations is available 14 at this time.Socio-behavioural determinants may be the rationale for caesarean-born children having less caries. Caesarean section rates are higher among highly educated women, 15,16 also have children with lower rates of caries. 17 Caesarean section rates have nearly
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