Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is one of the most prevalent monogenic disorders. The formation of polymerised haemoglobin leading to erythrocyte rigidity and appearance of characteristic sickle-shaped Red blood Cells (RBCs) resulting in vascular occlusion and haemolysis is central to the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. A major drawback of the disease in children is the development of cerebrovascular disease, hypoxia, and neuro-cognitive impairment. The recurrent episodes of vascular occlusion and inflammation of the vessels lead to progressive organ damage which becomes apparent with age. In addition to hydroxyurea and butyrate treatments, novel methods such as gene therapy and others to prevent complications from SCA are being evaluated. This article reviews the diagnostic approaches, therapies and advancements in SCA treatment with particular emphasis on the future perspective of research towards a cure for SCA.

Cancer is one of the fatal diseases, and it continues to pose a significant health problem worldwide. Although great efforts are being done to discover a cure, cancer still remains a very prominent cause of mortality in humans, and its effective treatment is a formidable challenge. Although cancer therapies have been performed throughout the history, the efficacy of the treatment still remains a challenge. In recent years, natural product compounds have become the first choice of treatment in many cases. Gene therapy, in addition, is offering selective new methods for treatment. This review emphasizes the advancements cancer treatment using naturally derived products with significantly less toxicity and more efficacies; thereby enhancing the understanding of different cancers and potential of the plant based extract in the anti-cancer field.

Unanticipated difficult airway still forms about 93% of the total number of difficult airway scenarios encountered. Difficult airway can be due to difficulty in mask ventilation, difficult laryngoscopy or difficulty in intubation. Difficult intubation can be due to a number of causes. Pathologies like enlarged lingual tonsil, valecular or epiglottic cysts, laryngeal papillomas, hyperplastic mucosal folds, oropharyngeal stenosis lead to difficulty visualizing the larynx. Tracheal stenosis, laryngeal webs, tumors of the larynx, airway trauma and undetected mediastinal masses lead to difficulty in advancing the endotracheal tube. Management of these cases is always challenging. Although a thorough history that includes previous endotracheal intubation, weight changes, episodes of dyspnea or wheeze may help identify at risk patients, very often these patients may be asymptomatic and the pathology may not be until the time of laryngoscopy and intubation. At the time of unanticipated crisis, following the stepwise protocol of difficult airway and being prepared for surgical airway access can prevent complications and save the life of the patient. Here we present two such cases of unanticipated difficult airway how we managed them. Post-operatively these patients were found to have laryngeal webs.