The emergence of lipid nanovesicles (LNVs), like liposomes, transferosomes, and ethosomes, strengthens transdermal drug delivery. The composition of lipid vesicles is similar to that of skin, so these can easily penetrate through the skin. Modifications in the design of lipid vesicles help enhance skin permeation; therefore, dose reduction is possible. Ultradeformable vesicles are superior to conventional lipid vesicles because of their better stability. Various methods used to prepare LNVs are the classical cold method, ethanol injection method, ether injection method, and film hydration method. The method of preparation is crucial because it drastically affects the characteristics of vesicles. The vesicles are evaluated for their physicochemical and biological properties. Since vesicular systems are more susceptible to physical, chemical, and biological degradation, their stability is critical and challenging. The transdermal applications of LNVs spread across all areas like antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer drugs and the delivery of proteins and peptides.

Objectives: To assess the suitability of the existing Pharm.D. programme curriculum in producing professionally competent clinical pharmacists in India. Methods: A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions, among the Pharm.D. graduates who were working as clinical pharmacists across various hospitals in India. The questionnaire was shared using an online platform (Google Forms) among 138 clinical pharmacists and the responses obtained were assessed and discussed. Results: The response rate was 25.3% with the majority of participants in the age category below 25 years. 65.7% of participants had not undergone any training programmes to improve their professional skills after the completion of the Pharm.D. programme. 45.7% of the study population had the opinion that the absence of clinical preceptors with clinical knowledge in their pharmacy school was the reason for the weak outcomes of the programme. The weakness of the curriculum was well explained by the participants by the absence of clinical training and specific objectives of the curriculum. The professional difficulties faced by the clinical pharmacists include lack of confidence to interact with other health care professionals (41.9%), poor professional management (32.3%) and difficulty in identifying the appropriate drug and dosage forms (19.4%). 24.2% had the opinion that they may avoid pursuing the Pharm.D. programme in India if they were starting all over again. Conclusion: The pharmacy schools should not conduct programmes only to make monetary benefits, but the prescribed quality standards shall be met completely without compromise. The assignment of setting up clinical pharmacy expertise in the nation may remain another unfulfilled dream, if screening, tuning in, and updating is not carried out at whatever point essential.